Essentially determine the maximum supply chain is interpreted as the integration of key functional areas of business (logistics functions) of the company and its partners from the beginning or origin of the information flow of goods to the delivery of products or services in accordance with the requirements of end users.
Ambiguity interpretation of the term "supply chain" shows that this term is often used as a synonym for logistics or integrated logistics. " Now, however, his perception is increasingly shifting towards an expanded understanding of Supply Chain Management (SCM) - as a new business concept.
Such a structure should be considered in the functional and organizational aspects.
functional structure is represented as a pyramid.
At the base of the pyramid of functional logistics information system is a system of operations between the units of the logistics system, which determines the relationship between the functional units firm (in terms of logistics functions), logistics intermediaries and consumers of the firm. The scheme covers only key functions associated with the second level of information control procedures and accounting. The two functional levels of logistics information system usually directly linked to the system of distribution of finished goods firms, in particular with the activities of distribution centers. At the level of analysis of logistics regional or administrative managers of the company mainly use the information for tactical purposes for marketing, forecasting, financial and operating performance. Finally, at the higher strategic level logistics management defines the strategy and is linked to strategic corporate planning and mission of the firm.
Features of systemic levels of the functional structure of the logistics information system linked with the achievement of certain strategic and tactical goals of the firm and competitive advantage. Shows the development of logistics information system and receive on this basis of competitive advantage by improving the quality of products (services) and reduce logistics costs.
Organizational structure of the logistics information system can be enlarged formed of four subsystems: control orders procedures, research and communications, logistics support decisions and to generate output forms and reports. These interrelated subsystems provides information and computer support all functions of logistics management and communication with the micro-and makrologisticheskoy environment.
The organizational structure of logistics information system as one of the major subsystems of the selected subsystem management procedures, orders, due to direct contact of this subsystem with consumers in the processing and order fulfillment. Of great importance here is the use of the concept of "Electronic Data Interchange" and based her standards for ED1.
subsystem research and communication reflects the influence of external and internal environment of a firm in the process of logistics management and implement the interaction between the units of logistics systems and management functions by:
• integrating logistics planning with the corporate planning;
• interaction logistics management with other corporate functions;
• strategic guidelines for the organizational structure of the logistics system and staff;
• Integration of information technology;
• preparation or purchase of technology and the use of intermediaries;
• adapting to the firm forms of logistics chains, channels and networks, as well as management functions;
• emphasis on performance and quality of service in logistics.
the subsystem plays an important role in reflecting the changes and requirements of both external and internal environment of the firm. Logistics manager can use this subsystem to scan the micro-and macro firms in four ways:
1) indirectly by considering based on a general analysis of information obtained when there is a certain specified purposes;
2) direct examination, when information about the external and internal environment firms are actively analyzed beforehand stated purpose;
3) an informal survey of relatively limited and unstructured data;
4) a formal investigation with a preconceived plan, procedures and methods for processing and analysis of information obtained.
To optimize results of estimating the influence of external and internal environment of a firm's behavior Logistic System logistics manager must use the key sources of information subsystem in the monitoring process. Here we must consider two aspects. First, the use of information firm personnel to assess the effectiveness of its logistics solutions. For example, accounting information or information on prices for finished products of competitors can give comprehensive answer on the effectiveness of management, information about the size of consignments can be used by transport departments firms etc. Secondly, logistic partners of the company, such as providers of material resources, resellers, carriers and consumers of finished products can also use the information subsystem to improve coordination and reduce their own costs. An important place in the subsystem belongs to forecasting, in particular, so it matters as the collection of baseline information, assessing the accuracy, reliability, using the most effective methods prediction.
third component of the logistics information system is a subsystem of the support of logistics solutions, which is is an interactive computer information systems, including databases and analytical models are implemented, as a rule, optimization problems, encountered in logistics management. The subsystem creates, maintains and supports various structured, centralized and distributed database for the four main types of files:
• basic files that contain external and internal information necessary to make logistical decisions;
° critical factors determining the principal action, objectives and constraints in decision-making;
• policies / parameters that contain the basic logistics operating procedures for key areas;
• solution files that store information about previous (periodic) solutions for various logistic functions.
This subsystem uses a large number of economic and mathematical models and methods (in particular for forecasting support the decisions made by logistics management). All of these models and methods can be divided into classes: optimization, heuristics and simulation. Optimization models of decision making based on the methods of operational calculus: programming (linear, nonlinear, dynamic, stochastic, integer), mathematical statistics (correlation-regression analysis, the theory of random processes, identification theory, the theory of statistical decision-making models, etc.), calculus of variations, optimal control, queuing theory, graphs, schedules, etc. In particular, for various logistics functions, you can specify the following tasks:
• optimal scheduling in production, transportation, materials handling;
• optimal placement of objects in the production, distribution, warehousing;
• the construction of optimal supply chains, channels and networks;
• construction of an optimal organizational structure of logistics system;
• optimal routing;
• determine the optimal duration components of logistics cycles;
• optimization of procedures for collecting, processing and fulfillment;
• parameter optimization inventory management systems;
• optimal choice of carrier, freight forwarder, distributor, etc.
in the subsystem are widely used interactive (interactive) procedure information decision support logistics management.
fourth element of the organizational structure of logistics information system - a subsystem of generating output forms and reports ".
Information Management System in Logistics to perform the above functions must be properly organized. Specificity of this system lies in the fact that in the normal course of business, it must be able to have an impact on all functional subsystems logistics organization. On this basis there are three possible ways of its organization: centralized, decentralized and specialized.
With centralized way of organizing activities to ensure the information is concentrated in one office (OU) and reports directly to senior management of the organization through the Vice-President (Deputy Director) for information Systems (technology). The advantage to this method of organization is to provide high performance work to incorporate new information systems and technologies. The disadvantages are the high cost of maintaining the administrative apparatus.
In decentralized mode of organization of the subsystem information management specialists from different functional units perform the functions of information management in their subject area. The advantage of this method of organization is the high level of domain knowledge manager for information systems, lack of - Duplication of similar tasks and functions in different parts of the organization.
When specialized way in the organization are no divisions Information Systems (Technology). If you need to develop and implement a new information system, these organizations seek to specialized firms and perform work on a contractual basis (outsourcing).
It is common for small organizations that can not have its own experts in the field of information technology, full-time employees, and use the services of consultants. The advantage of this way of organizing information support system is a high level of scientific and methodological developments, the disadvantage - the complexity of the specific features of the object.
The choice of method organization of information support system depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the organization, its existing business processes, availability of funds. Note: Information Management System has now reached such a level of expertise that requires attention to their organization - is to understand contemporary leaders. Therefore, any small organization incorporates information services. Information system is needed to adequately perform the functions of logistics, should meet the following requirements:
• information flows should be compatible the information-;
• internal linkages and interdependencies of information flows must be causal;
• hierarchical subordination of the information flows to be clear;
• information system should be inherent property of integrity.
The construction of such a logistics information system should be based on the principles:
1. Completeness and suitability of the information to the user. Logistics manager must have the necessary and complete (enough) information for decision-making, and in the required form to him. For example, Information on stocks or orders consumers often need to pre-treatment and are usually located, not where logistics manager takes solution.
2. Accuracy. The accuracy of the initial information is crucial to making the right decisions. For example, information on stock levels in the distribution network in the modern logistics system allows no more than 1% error or uncertainty for effective decision-making in the physical distribution, stockpiling and customer satisfaction. Of great importance is the accuracy and reliability of input data for forecasting demand requirements planning for material resources, etc.
3. Timeliness. Logistical information should flow into the system management time, as required by many logistics technologies, especially based on the concept of "just in time." Timeliness of information is important practically for all the complex logistics functions. In addition, many problems in transportation, operations management, order management and inventory management are solved in real time ("on line"). The same demand, and numerous logistical problems of monitoring. Requirements for timely receipt and processing information are realized with modern logistics technology scanning, satellite navigation, bar coding, implementation of standards EDI / EDIFACT.
4. Orientation. Information in the supply an information system should be aimed at identifying additional opportunities to improve product quality, service, reducing logistics costs. Methods for producing, transmitting, displaying, and preliminary data processing should help to identify bottlenecks, reserves and savings, etc.
5. Flexibility. Information circulating in the logistics information system must be tailored to specific users, to have the most convenient for them to look. This is a tangent. is defined as the company's personnel and logistics intermediaries and end users. Paper and electronic documents, intermediate and output forms, reports, certificates and other documents should be as adapted to the needs of all participants in the logistics process and adapted to a possible on-line for many users.
6. Appropriate data format. The format of the data and messages used in computer and telecommunications networks, logistics information system should be maximally effective use of performance hardware (memory, speed, bandwidth, etc.). Types and forms of documents, the location details on paper documents, the dimension data and other parameters should facilitate machine processing of information. In addition, the necessary information compatibility of computer and telecommunications systems logistics intermediaries and other users of data formats in the supply of information system.
Developing Information systems in logistics is carried out in a hierarchical fashion, with a logistics information systems numbering starts with the lowest levels. Such a principle adopted in order to allow building an information system to higher ranks and its inclusion as a sub in the synthesis system and a network of higher order, if that appears necessary.
In accordance with this structural decomposition in the information systems in logistics are three levels:
1. The first level - a level of the workplace (in the broadest sense), for example, places storage, the machine to perform machining, places or installations to be placed in containers and labeling, etc. At this level is that or other logistical operation with controlled material flow, namely its element (part, unit packaging, desktop, satellite, or any Another gruzoedinitsa) moves, overloaded, packed, held one or another treatment.
2. The second level - a level of production area, shop, warehouse, etc., where there are processes of processing, packaging and transport gruzoedinits and posted jobs.
3. The third level - a system transportation and travel gruzoedinits throughout the supply chain system as a whole from loading of raw materials and components to delivery of finished products to consumers and accounts for them.
levels of the supply system and leadership, which correspond to their levels of information system define functional and completeness of information subsystems.
At the top level of the information system is implemented planning to information subsystem. Logistics management is carried out here the general material flow in order to organize production and sales activities aimed at the most efficient market needs.
At the second level of information system are the so-called permissive (disposite - place to dispose of) the information subsystem. These subsystems detail the plans drawn up at the top level and bring them to the level of individual production units, shops, mechanized to varying degrees of warehouses and other industrial units, etc., as well as determine how the actions of these units.
At the lower level information systems are located so-called executive information subsystem. They bring jobs, rules and regulations to specific jobs and performers, also carry out monitoring of the process process in the workplace and provide feedback to form the primary information from these jobs.
Note that it is planned, the dispositive and executive subsystems are connected by direct and inverse vertical information flow.
separate sets of tasks within the specified functional subsystems are connected by horizontal information flow.
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