Information flow - a stream of messages in speech, bond (paper and electronic) and other forms of collateral material and service flows in this supply system, and intended mainly for implementation control actions.
Information flows arising from the external influences on the corresponding medium, transfer the information (messages) from its sources to its customers. These flows may have an important independent value for the operational management and strategic decision-making, and may correspond to the material and to manage them. Difference in the rates of material and information flows and by a matching lead to the time shift between them.
to handle information flow of modern logistics systems have in their composition information logistics center. The task of such a center - the accumulation of the data and their pragmatic filtering, ie, the transformation into the information necessary length of logistic solutions problems. In this regard, the Centre with information sources may be unilateral, bilateral and multilateral. Modern logistics systems use last method of communication.
Thus, Logistics operates numerous indicators and characteristics of information flows: Nomenclature transmitted messages, data types, documents, data sets, intensity and speed of data transmission with special characteristics (bandwidth ability of information channels, protected from unauthorized access, noise, etc.).
between information and material flows not isomorphic (ie, correspondence, synchronicity in time of occurrence). As a rule, information flow, or ahead of material, or behind him. In particular, the very origin of the material flow is usually the result of information flows in, for example, talks transaction of sale of goods, drafting of contracts, etc. Typical is the presence of several information flows, accompanying material stream.
Information flows in logistics are formed as streams of arrays of electronic data in some way decorated paper documents, as well as streams, consisting of both types of quantum information.
This information includes:
• telephone messages and faxes;
• invoices received together with the goods;
• information on the receipt and distribution of goods in warehouses;
• data on transport tariffs and the possible routes and types of transport;
• changes in dynamic models of the status of stocks;
• Library of control programs for manufacturing equipment with numerical program management and directories of those libraries;
• Different regulatory background production information;
• changes in dynamic market models and its segmentation;
• current information about production capacities;
• current information about suppliers and producers;
• changes in dynamic model portfolio;
• current information about the unfinished production;
• Data plans to launch;
• Current data warehouses;
• Data on volumes and types of finished products;
• data on actual sales of products to consumers;
• data on financial flows.
Thus, the information created, stored, used and circulating in the logistics system can be considered useful, if possible its inclusion in the current supply-side processes.
For successful and effective implementation of logistics management based on analysis of information flows needed certain factors and preconditions, namely:
• Availability of information characteristics of the process;
• an adequate level of systematization and formalization process logistics management;
• organizational forms and methods of logistics management system;
• the possibility of shortening Transient and rapid feedback on the results of logistic activities.
Information flow is defined as follows parameters:
1. Source of origin.
2. Direction of motion, or the addressee.
3. Transfer rate, ie, the amount of information transmitted per unit time.
4. Total volume, ie, the total amount of information that forms the thread.
rate in information theory, or in different communications technology is usually measured in baud (baud corresponds to a transfer of one bit per second). In practice the speed of information flow can be determined by the number of documents or dokumentostrok all documents transmitted or processed per unit time. Respectively total volume of information flow can be measured by the total number of transmitted or processed documents, or the total number contained in them dokumentostrok.
Information flow can operate in the same direction as the corresponding material flow, or it can be sent meet "their" material flow. The direction of information flow can, in some cases have nothing to do with the direction of motion corresponding material flow. For example, components come from the producer to the input stock and the appropriate accounts - the accounts department.
If you are satisfied orders for raw materials and components, information flow, formed by these order issued in the form of documents directed to the side, opposite the appropriate material flow. It occurs before this material flow. In other words, the information flow precedes initiated their material flow.
invoices, bills of lading and the necessary maintenance documentation form the information flow, moving in the same direction as the corresponding material flow and simultaneously with it.
information flow, moving toward the material, may not only be prepared, as already described above, but also lagging behind. For example, data flow, formed by the documents on the results of acceptance or rejection to accept the cargo, the various claims, warranty documents, etc.
Thus, information flows may be ahead, behind or to be synchronized with relevant material flows. Each of these types of information flows can move in the same direction as that of the corresponding material flow to be counter to it or move does not coincide with the direction.
Each type of information flow is characterized by a combination of these F two qualities. Respectively, are the following types of information flows:
• advanced with the same direction;
• advanced counterclaims;
• advanced differing in direction;
• synchronous with the same direction;
• synchronous counter;
• synchronous different direction;
• laggards with the same direction;
• lagging behind the counter;
• lagging, which differ in direction.
Thus, a variety of information flows are the bonds which unite into a whole different functional subsystems. In each of these functional subsystems are implemented material flows consistent with those provided by these subsystems. Information flows combine these subsystems into a unified whole, so that individual objectives of each subsystem are subject to the overall objective of supply-side complex. This is the the basic concept of logistics.
through the control of information flows can be made horizontal and vertical integration.
Horizontal Information integration enables the interconnected information flow of all material, from receipt of raw materials and components, and to the finished products reach the consumer. This ensures that all control actions in the functional subsystems and the ensuing consequences linked with the overall objectives and overall strategy of the entire value system.
vertical information integration can cover all levels hierarchy of the value of direct (directed downward) and backward (bottom-up) connections. The result is possible to receive accurate information about the supply of raw materials, production, assembly, testing and product delivery to consumers. Availability such an information system with vertical links can properly evaluate promptly make the necessary adjustments and thus affect the processes of procurement, production, assembly, testing, warehousing and freight forwarding. Such operational management will properly take into account the results marketing research to determine the range and volume of production, to organize the specific orders, as well as provide maintaining the required level of quality.
To summarize, we can note: the objective and adequate information is used in logistics management twice in two ways.
first time the flow of information used to create a logistics management system, its development and introduction into practice.
second time information flows are used for adequate control within an already established system of logistics.
Either way information flows in the logistics needed to form, answering the following questions:
• what caused the need for this information (and not someone put the corresponding task);
• on any inside information you can calculate how much it is complete and accurate;
• what the real data of external information can actually get, how, and what secondary information can be reliably used;
• what techniques, personnel and resources can be used in the creation and use of information flows;
• What are the requirements for the degree to receive information, to its longevity.
types of information flows, circulating in logistics systems, are somewhat different from all other types of flows. The difference lies in the object motion - the exchange of information between different links of the logistics system.
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