Based on the needs of logistics systems can be classified by the following features:
• facility management;
• sectoral specialization of the company;
• sector (Platform) business;
• business level (the concentration of capital and power companies).
Logistics systems are divided into two groups: mikrologisticheskie and makrologisticheskie system.
Mikrologisticheskie system. Are usually of a particular business organization, such as to a producer of goods (range products), and are designed to control and optimize the material and the associated flows (information, financial) during manufacture or supply and marketing. Accordingly distinguish internal (intra), external and integrated mikrologisticheskie system.
Intraindustrial logistics systems to optimize management of material flows within a production cycle of products. If you set the program Manufacture of finished goods (production schedule), the main tasks of intra-logistics system are: efficient use of material resources, reduction of stocks of resources and work in progress, accelerating turnover of working capital firm decrease in the duration of the production period, control and management of stock levels of material resources, work in process and finished products in storage system manufacturer, optimization of the technological (industrial) transport. The criteria for optimization of intra-logistics systems are usually the lowest cost of production and the minimum duration of production period while ensuring a given level of product quality.
Mikrologisticheskie intra-system may be specified to the production (Structural) units of the enterprise, such as workshops, site or the individual workplace. However, in what would be considered such as logistics system only at the level of manufacturer's products.
External logistics systems perform tasks associated with managing and optimizing material and related flows from their sources to their destinations (the final individual or industrial consumption) regardless of the production technological cycle. Thus, the external links of logistic systems are the elements of supply and distribution networks operating these or other logistical operations to ensure traffic flows from the suppliers of material resources to production units with the manufacturer's and from its warehouse of finished products to consumers.
Typical problems of external logistics systems are the rational organization of material flow resources and finished products in the commodity distribution network, optimization of costs related to the logistical operations of separate parts of the logistics system, and overall costs, reduce delivery time of material resources and finished products and run-time customer orders, management of stocks resources and finished products, ensuring a high level of quality service.
logistical structure, consisting of parts of the logistics system, performing different logistics operations and functions of transport, warehousing, storage, load capacity, refining, along with the commodity supply chain (Or parts) are the external logistics system, often called the logistics supply chain (procurement) of the manufacturer. Important tasks logistic management in a logistics system are to coordinate the logistics functions and coordination of goals with suppliers and intermediaries.
selection of basic and key logistics functions has led to the emergence of external logistics of physical distribution (distribution), logistics (Procurement), etc. Accordingly, in the western and domestic economic literature attempts were made to study such systems and their duties under procurement, distribution, sales logistics. However, the full concept of business logistics in the modern sense was realized when a integrated logistics systems.
Sometimes intra and external logistics system is considered as an integrated subsystem logistics system. Basic logistics functions (supply, production, marketing) can be realized depending on the set before the logistics system objectives and criteria of optimization by creating a special organizational and functional structure, which includes the highest logistics management, facilitate the coordination and integrated management of material (financial, information) flows, and many parts of the logistics system.
links of the logistics system can be both-house divisions (transportation, production, storage, gruzopererabatyvayuschimi etc.) and the involved companies, organizations and institutions (logistics intermediaries) who perform certain logistics operations and function.
In addition to direct material flows of resources and finished products, the diagram shows the return material flows (FMP), formed in the commodity distribution network marketing (distribution) and the supply of returned finished goods, packaging, recurrent (secondary) material resources and waste.
Makrologisticheskaya system. The purpose of this system is not a profit or achieving any other corporate purposes of the business organization, created at the level of territorial or administrative entity for addressing socio-economic, environmental, military and other problems this kind. Makrologisticheskie systems can be classified along several lines.
On the basis of administrative-territorial division country are kinds of logistics systems: regional, inter-city, provincial and territorial, regional, interregional, national, between republics.
object-functional regions can be distinguished makrologisticheskie system for group of companies of one or more sectors: institutional, sectoral, interdepartmental (interdisciplinary), commercial, military, institutional, etc. In Western practice often used the concept of "global makrologisticheskih systems, which include state (transnational) system, formed at the level of the whole country, interstate (International) system covering several countries, and the transcontinental system, created over several continents.
Goals makrologisticheskih systems may differ significantly from the goals and criteria for constructing mikrologisticheskih systems. For the firm as criteria optimize its operation can be applied, for example, criteria such as minimum total logistics costs, the maximum amount of sales of finished production (or profit), winning the maximum share of the market, holding the position in the market, the maximum share price, etc. Mandatory condition for this is the most complete customer satisfaction for product quality, timing of orders, the level of logistics service.
In most cases, the criterion of minimum total logistics costs used in the construction makrologisticheskih systems. However, more often use the system criteria consistent with environmental, social, military, political and other purposes, for example, to improve the environmental situation in the region can be created makrologisticheskaya system optimization of transport (trucks) of regional flows, the crucial problem of optimizing routes, the unleashing of traffic, switching traffic from one mode to another, etc.
In makrologisticheskih systems can be solved tasks such as the formation of interdisciplinary material balances, the choice of types and forms of supply and marketing of products targeted at specific groups consumers and producers, hosted on a given area of \u200b\u200bpublic warehouses, freight terminals, control (logistics) centers; choice of transport and vehicles, transport organization and coordination of various modes of transport to transport nodes; optimization of the administrative-territorial distribution systems for multiassortment material flow, etc.
usually distinguished three variants makrologisticheskih infrastructures:
1. Makrologisticheskie system with direct links. In such systems, logistics material flow moves from the suppliers raw materials and other necessary components to the manufacturer, and from there to consumers without intermediaries.
2. Makrologisticheskaya layered system. In such logistics systems, material flow from raw material suppliers and other components are moving to the manufacturer, and from him - to consumers through intermediaries.
3. Makrologisticheskaya system with flexible coupling. In such systems, logistics movement of material flow from raw material suppliers and other necessary components manufacturer, and from there to the consumer may be carried out directly or through intermediaries. In recent decades, the farm most economically developed countries in the world economy as a whole is observed.
process of structuring large groups of companies into conglomerates associated a single logistics system. These conglomerates are called corporations or financial-industrial groups, as the conglomerate is generally composed of a large Bank and holds the union of the financial and industrial capital.
These corporations may be national (covering a single country) and transnational (TNCs), penetrating into the economy of many countries. The process of formation of such conglomerates at different levels is called corporatization. In the area of \u200b\u200bfinancial capital is also observed the process of corporatization - the creation of large international banking associations.
Economic activities of corporations differs from the micro-and macroeconomics, forming a region of mid-level economy - mezoekonomiku.
Structuring mid-level economy has coincided with an intense computerization of the world economy through global computer networks, which have become a natural tool logistics corporations.
Process Corporatization reflects the transformation phenomena in the society. The end of XX century. characterized by conformational transformation: advanced countries already enter the postindustrial formation, which is called the information (service) company; humanity - in the era of information relations. In this society, information becomes basis for technological renovation and technological progress in general. When you combine many businesses and attracting financial capital information activities become more profitable and targeted, as the cost of obtaining a unit of information goods decreases. Consequently, the corporatization should be viewed as the formation of hierarchies, leading to a decrease in transaction costs for obtaining and processing information due to economies of scale.
Logistics Corporation (mezologistika) corresponds to its structure and is constructed from two dimensions: vertical and horizontal. Vertically aligned private technological directions, horizontally - the diversification of activities (ie, the horizontal coordinate includes a set of vertical).
Logistics Corporation is mainly informational. The higher the level of logistics system, the more information streams and less tangible. Thus, the logistics system, the corporation is an orderly system of governance (management), constructed so that each level operates on only the information that he needs.
Clarity mezologistiki operation is especially important given the dual nature mezoekonomiki. In the market of final goods economy corporations is competitive, market-oriented. Within the corporation economics is merely routine, self-supporting nature, and prices are determined by calculation (transfer pricing). Successful corporate activities demonstrates appropriateness of interpenetration and successfully complement each other's market and planned systems.
tools mezologistiki serve global computer networks. External (with respect to the logistics system) information flows are serviced by the World's global network - Internet, while internal - Intranet (Internet-like network), which is fully compatible with the Internet in their structure and function, it is often called a corporate network.
In Russia, the structuring of the economy average link is still in its infancy. Already registered some 80 financial-industrial groups, but their activity has no significant effect at restructuring the economy.
0 comments:
Post a Comment