historical stages in the logistics as a science
Logistics as science and business tool in the civil area was formed in early 1950., primarily in the United States. The evolution of logistics is closely connected with the history and evolution of market relations in industrialized countries, and the term itself in the business took root and became widely used the world's only since the late 1970's.
in the genesis of logistics XX century. there are several historical stages.
From 1920 until the early 1950's - a period fragmentarizatsii when the idea of \u200b\u200blogistics as an integral tool to reduce overall costs and materials management in the business has not been claimed, although individual logistic functions were important in terms of reducing cost components, such as manufacturing, transportation, storage, etc.
During this period, were formulated prerequisites for the future implementation of logistics concepts:
• an increase in inventory and transportation costs in the distribution system goods;
• increase in transport fares;
• the emergence and rapid spread of the marketing concept;
• development of the theory and practice of military logistics.
Since mid-1950 to 1970 - the period of formation (conceptualization) logistics. It was characterized by rapid development of the theory and practice of logistics. Philosophy Marketing is widespread in the western business organization.
During this period, logistics existed mainly as a way of thinking. In practical same area there was only a partial optimization of product distribution, as the buyer's market has undergone a qualitative change. The reason was the emergence of the philosophy of marketing, while service delivery become crucial in the strategy market.
Firms in the acute competition have already exhausted reserves to increase earnings directly into production and began to focus on improving product supply, ie, improving work in the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution. At this time, she realized the fact that we can no longer ignore the opportunities to improve distribution (physical distribution), especially in terms of reducing costs.
However, a full distribution logistics were impossible because of the lack of development infrastructural base material and information flows that are adequate organizational forms, the appropriate economic mechanism. At
practice focused on addressing specific problems: the development of warehouses and emergency vehicles, networks and banks data, methods, materials management in some parts of the circuit of circulation.
During this period starts to come understanding two key provisions that have been mentioned above, namely:
1) existing apart flow of materials in the production, storage and transportation can be linked by one control system;
2) integration of separate functions of the physical distribution of materials can make a significant economic effect.
One of the key factors in the rapid expansion of logistics in the Western business has been the emergence of the concept of total cost in the physical distribution. Meaning of the concept lies in the fact that we can regroup the costs of distribution, that the overall level to promote their Goods from producer to consumer will decrease. So, switching the transport of goods from road to air, you can avoid the need creation of intermediate storage, ie, to exclude the costs of warehousing, storage and inventory management. And although the cost of proper transportation will increase, their overall level of the distribution network will decrease.
This example highlights the internal relations between the two most important logistics functions: inventory management and transportation. The concept of total cost was the basis for the development of methodology for making logistical decisions.
main trends in the market have increased attention to customers (in particular, increasing the share of services) and the emergence of large and diverse products that meet the same requirements (competitive products). The rapid development of market institutions has led the organization to seek new ways to coordinate demand and supply better service to consumers. There are new logistic approaches for reducing the order cycle and production. Great variety of goods, almost automatically led to a significant increase in the cost of establishing and maintaining inventory in the systems of distribution. This in turn turn require finding new ways to improve the structures of distribution and reduce costs in the process of physical distribution.
for rapid economic growth after World War II to the mid 1960's there has been a noticeable decline in production and reducing long-profit vendors that enhance the impact of factors other than cost producers. This has led managers to seek new ways to increase productivity, reduce costs in the production and distribution. New logistics concept gave them that opportunity.
Scientific and technical progress in industrial economics developed countries has led to the need to address Multialternative and optimization problems, such as choice of transport, optimization placement production and storage, optimal routing, inventory management multiassortment products, demand forecasting and resource requirements etc. These problems could not be overlooked in developing computer technology that have begun active participation in business since the mid 1950's.
At the end of 1960 in the West has been formulated so-called concept of business logistics as an integral management tool. The main content of the concept was as follows: "Logistics - a management of all activities that promote movement and coordination of supply and demand for goods in certain place and at a given time ".
Top of 1970 were formulated the fundamental principles of business logistics, and some Western firms began their successful use in practice. However, for most companies interested in increasing profits, logistic approach to control and reduce costs has not yet become apparent. In addition, attempts to introduce logistical coordination encountered the opposition of the middle and even senior management. Managers, who for a long time used to perform the traditional functions such as procurement, transportation, material handling, often hindered the implementation of organizational changes required to implement cross-cutting material management based on the concept of reducing overall costs. Further difficulties are created already existed at the time of the accounting system is not adapted for the isolation and control components of logistics costs and evaluating financial performance of logistics firms.
For this stage of development of logistics has become a characteristic optimization in the treatment. It was found that optimization of individual components of the company is clearly not enough, because any change in costs in one of the activities (transportation, manufacturing, warehousing), the company certainly has on the dual processes of influence, not always favorable.
It was at the beginning of this stage in scientific research and business practices in the coordination of warehousing and transport service instead of the term "managing the physical distribution of products" have to use the term "logistics". This change was not wearing formal: logistics research has moved beyond managing physical distribution of products, they reflected a wide range of issues related to optimal using the full resource potential of the firm. Minimizing the cost function of the firm has a complex economic and institutional arrangements.
In this period of integration of logistics base has expanded and became cover the manufacturing process.
From 1980 until mid-1990, a dramatic development of marketing concepts and integrated logistics in the industrialized countries of the West. Indeed, during this period, the theory and practice of logistics stepped far ahead, far surpassing the level achieved in previous decades. Defining the idea of \u200b\u200blogistics at the time was the maximum integration logistic functions of the company and its logistics partners in the so-called total supply chain: procurement - manufacturing - distribution - sales "in order to achieve the ultimate goal of business with minimal costs.
During this period there have been substantial changes in the global economy, which explains the phenomenon logistics, "off":
• The information technology revolution and the introduction of personal computers (PCs);
• market globalization;
• changes in state regulation of economic infrastructure;
• pervasive philosophy of public management, quality leniya;
• growth partnerships and strategic alliances;
• structural changes in the business organization.
At this stage, the movement was the realization of the principle resources and products "just in time" with extensive use of computer science and optimization. The essence of the approach lies in the fact that in the main production uses technology to manage without the formation of significant amounts of stocks of raw materials, intermediate products and components, while the system software provides for the delivery at certain times at appropriate intervals.
This Logistics regarded as one of the factors of competition and how the concept of a modern market, which is characterized by the recognition of the role of commercial transport and logistics in the overall structure of firms. Divisions of companies engaged in shipping and storage of goods and materials and is often considered earlier as a link in the wholesale trade, with the existence of which has to live, began to acquire the appropriate weight and significance. Now the strategy of firms developed with the leadership of these departments.
development of integrated world economy and market globalization have contributed to establishment of international logistics systems. Large Western companies tend to produce for the world market in those regions where it was possible find the cheapest raw materials, components and labor. The elimination of the traditional national, trade, customs, transport and other barriers (As happened in the EU and the U.S. and Canada) has made possible the free movement of goods, services and people across borders, reinforcing the importance of international logistic coordination. In the international arena logistic activities have become more complex, and issues such as location of production and distribution centers, the choice of modes of transport, type of service, inventory management techniques, design of adequate communication and information systems that require new skills, logistics management. Since the early 1990's have been actively developed and implemented international programs and projects, in which logistics was assigned the lead role.
Evolution logistics abroad proves that she is becoming one of the most important strategic tools in the competitive struggle for many organizations, businesses, and those firms that have used the concept of integrated logistics, as a rule, have strengthened their positions on the market.
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