fundamental concepts of logistics are logistics operations and functions. Logistical operation - is any elementary action or set of actions leading to the transformation parameters of the material and / or associated information, financial, service flows are not subject to further decomposition in the framework of the task.
Decomposition logistics process to a specific set of operations is complex and time consuming task, which is usually solved at the level of individual firms.
Logistics operations are carried out mainly by the operating units of management in the relevant functional departments of the company and its partners. Expediency, allocation of logistics operations should be dictated by the feasibility and necessity of cost accounting of resources for its implementation.
Logistic function forms an isolated set of logistics operations, dedicated to improve the efficiency of logistics processes.
Logistic functions depend on the industry and product, specialty, corporate and logistics strategy, organizational management structure firm, logistical infrastructure, corporate information system. Separation of logistic functions directly related to the release of the company structural units of logistics services, responsible for managing procurement, warehousing, transportation, packaging, material handling, etc.
In logistics flow control provides functions such as planning, operational control, monitoring and analysis.
In general, each control function can be described as follows.
planning function provides a solution to problems associated with the establishment of optimal trajectory of the flow, the formation of the flow, setting its intensity, the development schedule (schedule) following the flow et al
the operational management is the practical realization of the planned regime of flow, including the dispatch conveyed facilities, production and commissioning of control actions. The latter include the following activities:
• accelerated promotion material Resources from vendors;
• change in the trajectory of the flow and its end point;
• replacement of some other material resources;
• use provision of wholesale and retail businesses;
• Insurance supplies from stocks;
• the inclusion of commodity circulation excessive and unnecessary this company material resources;
• Control aggregate stockpiles on the basis of the operational maneuvering of material resources through the regional commercial centers and commodity exchanges;
• crushing of material flow in the supply of small parties;
• change the frequency of deliveries;
• Delivery of material resources high degree of technological readiness;
• involvement in the commercialization of secondary material resources;
• etc.
analysis feature includes complex tasks involving the establishment of causal relationships between results and the costs incurred, identifying the influence various factors on the actual value of the flow parameters, the calculation of effective management and operation of the system as a whole. The resulting analytical information will be used for new rounds of management and planning calculations.
control function establishes the correspondence of the actual parameters of motion stream specified.
in modern logistics, both at macro and micro levels, distinguish, as already mentioned, two groups of functions: the operational and coordination.
Operational functions related to the implementation of specific operations in the areas of supply, production and distribution. These functions include management of:
• the movement of raw materials from the supplier or item purchasing to manufacturing warehouses;
• movement of components from suppliers, or items acceptance to production warehouses or commercial storage facilities;
• the level of inventories through the control motion of semi-finished products in all stages production process and moving finished products to wholesalers;
• movement of finished products to wholesalers in different markets;
• operational organization flows end products to consumers.
• Data management specific operations in nearly complete volume were made and implemented within the traditional management. Methods to control the state of managed objects that generate the control actions and technology, their implementation remains the same as that used for many years, regardless of the emergence and application of the concept of logistics.
therefore to follow the concept of logistics operational management functions should be complemented by a coordinating function of logistics coordination:
• Analysis markets in which businesses operate;
• Identification and analysis needs for material resources, and for various departments;
• identification of the dynamics of the needs for material resources, depending on the course of the production process;
• predicting the dynamics of the market situation;
• collects and analyzes information on actual and potential changes in the needs of existing customers;
• Analysis and Forecasting possible expansion of the range of clientele, proposals for such an expansion.
Hence, for logistic management characterized by the fact that the most important importance is the goal-setting, development of performance criteria to achieve its goals, as well as operational coordination of specific operations, performed by an enterprise (company), with the requests of the market environment.
list of functions of logistics remains unchanged for different variants of market situation and available technological, organizational and other opportunities for the enterprise (company). However, the nature of these functions, the intensity, the relative the magnitude and extent of interaction can vary significantly depending on the types of incoming orders and how to meet them. In this regard, need to consider production and distribution processes. They are usually divided into three categories:
1) repetitive (cyclic) production processes;
2) processes with a small variety of the product range and high volume production (supply) of each item;
3) processes a high diversity of product range and with small volumes of production (supply) of each item.
example of the first type is the production and distribution of bearings, motors, time-tested and well-established drugs, packaged in containers drinks, etc.
When it comes to delivery of standardized products with a choice of permanent range, use the highly specialized and high-efficiency equipment. Assembly of products produced using assembly lines. Suppliers of raw materials and components, As a rule, are permanent. Staff also is usually a constant, has extensive experience and high qualifications.
Then the function analysis market can be reduced to bring customers and suppliers in mutual correspondence with the possibilities of the firm. All kinds of stocks can be minimized. Officers How the staff of all kinds and levels in the ground will remain unchanged. Operational functions of logistics in this case are reduced, usually to the traditional control problems and tracking the production, movement gruzoedinits using various conveyors and automated vehicles monitoring various legislative dates and times of operations. Stay products in the supply system - very short.
In processes the second type we are talking about supplying goods with a certain diversity of their range and large volume production of each item. For example, production and delivery of various models of car engines for the assembly of different variants of the collected car. It applies not highly specialized, and special technological equipment such as readjustable production lines. Staff is broader than in the previous case, the qualification. Used standard forms of purchase orders and work instructions. In these circumstances, coordination of logistics functions are reduced to prioritize and volumes of run orders, monitor their implementation, analysis, conditions for maintaining and expanding customer base and to monitor their implementation, organization and managing relationships with suppliers of materials and components necessary to ensure the output range.
operational functions of logistics in this case are formed based on the fact that all stocks and work in progress can not be minimized. However, their volumes relative to the exit and supplied small volume orders. Residence time the product in a production system than in the previous case, although in absolute terms and not very large. The velocity of the material flow from input to output is large enough.
Lastly, the third type we are talking about pozakaznom manufacture and supply of products of any name. Of course, refers to products that are included in the specialization of the supply system. Volumes of each order can be very small. They may be small-scale or even an individual character. A notable example is the supply dies and molds for their subsequent use by Functionality. Under these conditions, a generic rather than specialized equipment. Staff has broad expertise. Inventory levels and work in progress are large relative to the exit. Length of stay. Products in the supply system is also large, and the velocity of material flow from input to output is very small.
to complete each order requires its own documentation, and their job descriptions.
coordinating functions of logistics, determining market analysis, development portfolio, establishment of operational links in the production and distribution, forecasting new orders, etc., become particularly important.
very important in this case are also logistical and operational functions, which should in these circumstances to ensure the effective functioning of the supply system. It is especially important to provide traffic control gruzoedinits during the manufacturing process, including manufacturing components of products their submission to the assembly, etc. Thus, logistics in general in the latter case becomes important. It should be noted: the processes of the third type of gain recently prevailing spread.
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