material flow - a product (in the form of goods, parts, inventory), considered, in the annexes of various logistics (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and / or technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations and referred to a specific time interval.
material flows, is not considered in the time interval, and at a given time is inventories.
material flow in logistics following parameters:
• nomenclature, types and quantities of products;
• overall dimensions (total mass, area, linear parameters);
• weights (total mass, gross and net);
• physico-chemical characteristics of the goods;
• characteristics of packaging or packaging of the vehicle (carrying capacity, cargo);
• Conditions of Sale (Transfer of ownership, supply);
• conditions of transportation and insurance;
• financial (cost) characteristics;
• conditions of performance other physical distribution operations involving the movement of goods;
• etc.
quantitatively material flow is expressed by such indicators as the intensity, density, speed, etc.
There are the following symptoms classification of material flows:
1. In relation to the logistics system distinguish between internal (not beyond the logistics system) fluxes and external, coming in the logistics system from the external environment (input) and outgoing of the logistics system to the external environment (weekends).
2. With respect to the link of the logistics system material flows are divided into input and output.
3. Under the nomenclature of the material flows are divided into Single-Commodity (single-species) and a lot of food (multispecies). Under the nomenclature is understood systematic a list of groups, subgroups and position (s) of products in physical terms (units, m, m3, etc.). Used mainly for statistical reporting, accounting and planning.
4. On assortment of material flows are divided into odnoassortimentnye and multiassortment. In this case, refers to a range of composition and ratio produce a certain type or name, differing by grade, type, size, brand, exterior finishing and other features.
Range is a group, species and subspecies. Expanded range of steel products are also called assortments, timber and wood Industry - assortment.
5. In the process of transporting goods classified by mode of transport, process and transport conditions, overall, weight and physical-chemical characteristics of the goods, means of packing and others
Mass flow - a stream that requires transporting a group of vehicles tools, such as whole trains of many cars, trailers and column, etc.
large flows - a stream, which requires several cars or trailers, etc.
average stream - a stream formed by single cars, trailers, etc.
Small stream - a stream of goods that are less than capacity single vehicle, and which can be combined for shipping with other small streams.
Heavy flows - it flows formed loads of high density and, therefore, occupies the same weight less. This includes streams, formed with a mass of goods in one place waterway more than 1 m, and in rail transport - 0,5 m.
Lightweight flows - it flows formed goods with a low density, and hence for a given volume defined by dimensions, valid for this vehicle, have low weight. In such flows of 1 ton of cargo is more 2 m3.
Oversized flows - it flows of goods, the height of one place where more than 3,8 m, width - 2,5 m, length - longer than the cargo area.
bulk cargo form streams that require special equipment: hopper cars, containers, trailers, etc., are usually transported in bulk such as grain.
Bulk Cargo form streams that do not require special sacking, and which allowed caking, freezing and others, such as ore, coal etc.
Liquid cargo - a liquid or semi-liquid goods flooded in tanks and other liquid vehicles.
Tarn-piece and piece-goods have various physical and chemical properties. They can be transported in a specific packaging (boxes, bags, etc.) and without packaging, the piece (lengthy goods, rent, etc.). The distinction between these goods - a unit of measurement. The unit of measurement unit loads are pieces, packaged piece - the number of containers - bags, boxes, rolls, etc.).
6. According to the degree of determination of flow parameters distinguish deterministic and stochastic material flows. Deterministic called the stream completely known (deterministic) parameters. If at least one parameter is unknown or is a random variable (process) that material flow is called stochastic.
7. By the nature of movement in time distinguish between continuous and discrete material flow. The former include, For example, the flow of raw materials in continuous production (technological) processes of the closed loop flow of oil, gas, moved through pipelines, etc. Most streams are discrete in time.
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