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Macro logistics and book business

Macro logistics in the book actually is exploring ways and methods for optimizing traffic flow of books and accompanying economic flows - from the sources (manuscripts), and raw materials to final consumer book products.

main objects of study are the Macro logistics logistics systems "industry of books" and "logistics product distribution chain. " Elements of these systems - independent of the enterprise: publishing, printing, bookselling, as well as persons (authors, consumers etc.).

Makrologisticheskie systems are part of the country's economy. They are classified by the following features:

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territorial (Municipal, regional, national, international);
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object-functional (inter-industry, industry, trade, transport, information, financial, etc.).

Purpose Macro logistics - to optimize the interaction of enterprises that make up the links of the logistics chain in order to best meet requirements of end customers and getting on that basis, profit.

Macro logistics deals with the formation of supply chains, channel selection product distribution, placement of storage facilities, industrial and commercial enterprises, the organization for transporting goods, etc.

Macro logistics examines the problems of interaction and mutual influence of books and other industries. Book Publishing, like any other industry, can not exist without the interaction with adjacent sectors that are well illustrated by the problems encountered in papermaking. Lack of quality paper and high prices for it in stems from the problems of manufacturers of raw materials for paper production - pulp, and they in turn derive from the problems of logging and etc. Such chains of relationships exist in other areas such as manufacturing and supplying equipment for the printing industry.

At the level of intra-industry studies Macro logistics deals with the structure of the industry, the interaction of its publishing, printing, bookselling components. Experts note that in recent years have increasingly at various meetings of publishers, booksellers and printers heard the term "corporatism", means first of all civilized relations in the business, responsible for the partners. Industry threefold, so there must be a balance of interests. At different stages of the book market publishers, booksellers and printers were in different circumstances: some field of activity became more profitable, some - at least, someone to grow faster, but someone has accumulated problems. Such fluctuations will occur in the future. The main thing that subjects of books to understand that the accumulated problems in one sphere of activity will inevitably impact on the general state of the industry as a whole, and hence on each of its component.

important direction Macro logistics - the study and optimization of logistics chains of commodity circulation. Links makrologisticheskoy chain are independent companies that use different concepts and technologies of work, quality control, marketing, etc. and most importantly - each with its own goals of activity. In this connection, to control the flow of cross-cutting material at all stages of its movement is required coordination of the interests of business partners. Agreement partners are reflected in contracts and other documents with legal force, as well as informal business contacts.

Logistic Optimization of economic flows in makrologisticheskih systems is in the following areas:

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constant search for compromises between the parties to supply chains over the costs and benefits of the movement of economic flows;
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integration efforts of participants in supply chains to achieve the best meet end-users;
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cooperation resources subjects market for their most effective use.

Equally important is the use of standard, similar and compatible technologies, including information. This requires the development and implementation in practice of standard requirements, standards, formats and other regulatory documents.

Use logistic approach to the optimization of flows in the supply chain, "the publisher - the buyer, you can consider the example of a wholesale company" Top-kniga "(Novosibirsk). Before the formation of the "Top Books" numerous retail and wholesale enterprises of Siberia were forced to independently order book goods in Moscow and St. Petersburg publishing houses and engage in delivery of books. The development of the "Top Books" enlarge allowed to accelerate and reduce the cost of delivery Book goods in the Siberian bookselling business. Currently, the wholesale company draws its customers the breadth of products (over 40 thousand titles) modern computer information technology, the speed of flow (new items arrive 3-4 days after publication orders bookstores performed the next day), the development of services (information - sales reports, ratings, publications, etc.; Financial - the system of rebates, deferrals of payment; technology - partners supplied the Free Software; Transport - Shipping cars, aircraft or railway transport).

Another example of improved information flows at the macro level (industry level) is a proposal to put a bar code is not only one copy of the book, as is done for many publishers, but also on the stack of books. This would provide an opportunity to accelerate the flow of goods on the site wholesale sales. To solve this problem requires that, first, publishers have realized the benefits of improved logistics process their partners - Wholesale enterprises, and secondly, agreed with printing company about the order of application of bar codes on the boxes.

Technologically problem prostanovki Bar codes on packages is not difficult. The main difficulties associated with the development of logistics thinking publishers, printers, booksellers. Than rather, they learn to see their benefits in accelerating the movement of goods in all sectors of the chain, not just on his own, the faster will address the logistics optimization at the industry level.

about how the level of development affects the Macro logistics logistics particular company can be judged by comparing a of the most advanced shopping Russia TH "Biblio-Globus", with a similar-scale German (Leipzig) bookstore. The high level of product distribution logistics allows German shop to support a wide range of products - 100 thousand titles of books ("Biblio-Globus - 50 thousand names), working with only seven suppliers (Biblio-Globus - 1500), without using the warehouse ("Biblio-Globus" forced to have a significant warehouse space).

On the other hand, as we saw in the "Top Books", a high level of logistics optimization made specific company positively affects the development of logistics retail network in the region of its activities, and promotes the development of publishing. This is confirmed by workers' Top-book: "When publishers are constantly works with leading booksellers, it is easier to plan the number of copies, he may in time produce overprinting can easily monitor progress and sell their books. Booksellers such a level can advance to arrange the promotion of the book at all stages (wholesale, retail), even if the book is still under preparation to print. With well-established booksellers technologies can effectively exchange information (various ratings and reports on sales), any marketing and advertising moves thought out and implemented together with the opportunities offered booksellers. "


Makrologisticheskie industry problems book business

In this section we outline some logistical problems of books, and in subsequent chapters devoted to individual functional logistics, we consider them in detail.

The movement of logistics flows in the book really shows the main participants in the movement book and associated flows from the inception of the manuscript before moving the book to the reader.



Book Publishing - enough of the industry. So, in October In 2000 the license for publishing activities were 17 thousand organizations, and the printing - almost 5 thousand A network of wholesalers, even though their power still clearly insufficient. The process of improving the retail network in the capital and major cities operate bookstores current level, although their number (especially in the provinces) is not enough. Complicated situation in the libraries, which buy about 10% of book production. Experts believe, that they do not distract customers from the acquisition of books and in this sense are not competitors book trade.

bulk publishing and printing enterprises located in Moscow and St. Petersburg, which exacerbates the problem of book distribution and delivery of goods throughout the country. Most developed bookselling chain is also present in the Central region. All this leads to the fact that people living in remote regions does not have the choice of bookselling points and presented in the book are goods that are residents of the Centre.

As one of the most positive trends of the industry's estimated growth In recent years the number of titles of books. Number of titles coming out in the country, evidenced by the variety of printed information available its residents. However, growth in the number of names is not accompanied by an increase in circulation, so that trade flows are becoming more complex in composition, but not more powerful. The complexity, diversity, short-run, quick response to the demand - these and other characteristics complicate the logistics movement of books to consumers. Similar trends are for the world book market. By the number of names submitted by the book market, our country lags behind the developed countries.

One of the areas of book development is expanding the range of wholesale and retail enterprises booksellers. Complicated logistics of wholesale Sales: purchases are smaller in size, but include more names. In retail, determining the direction is the establishment of shops wide range, but small amounts of stock. This requires the use of computer technology into account the implementation and the ordering of goods and modern technology delivery and preparation of goods for sale.

acute logistical problem is the inefficient movement of information flows in the industry. In the book business, with its large number of constantly moving the market names of the problem of information security is very complicated. We only note now that information about the books is duplicated in all phases of product distribution. Each book-selling enterprise is forced to create their own databases, have workers dealing with bibliographical descriptions of books. All of this slows down the progress of the book and leads to additional costs. In addition, in some cases information about the books come out of time, often on her search is required to expend considerable time.

book remains one of the main of entertainment and information. In the structure of free time she takes the second place (after the television). However, there have been a tendency reduction in reading some sections of the population for a variety of socio-economic reasons, and increased competition from electronic media communication and electronic publications. In this situation the logistics of books should be aimed at ensuring greater access to books products (Territorial, pricing, etc.) and better compliance with the requirements of even the few groups of buyers. In addition, it is necessary to expand its range, including in its electronic edition, using electronic means (eg, interactive book trade Internet) to sell books.

relatively safely and quickly entering the industry in the market (compared with other industries) contributed to the formation of the modern market thinking of leading entrepreneurs of books, the important part is the logistics. Awareness of the need to use in practice of logistics concepts driven by the fact that a reduction in profitability book business amid growing competition. Modern businesses understand that improving the book business, cost reduction requires joint efforts of the subjects of the book market.

Coordination subjects of the book market provides an opportunity:

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develop common or compatible logistics technologies that provide through-flow optimization promotion;
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not repeat the path already covered by other, more "advanced" firms;
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combine resources for joint projects.

Not quickly as we would like, but in the book business are developing partnerships. For example, the results of one survey revealed that most booksellers firms have among their suppliers 7.5 publishers with whom they are continually and successfully cooperate. However, only a third of respondents have experience in adapting their actions such as pricing policy, the joint analysis of market conditions, etc.

Thus, the urgent requirement of the present stage of development of the book case is the application of logistics concepts of cooperation, compromise, shared costs, etc.

modern book market has a great diversity enterprises, promotion channels of books to the buyer, but clearly remains inadequate development of service companies that provide logistics services. Such firms particularly important for small publishers and book-selling business, who can not perform certain activities. In the the growth of powerful, large publishing and bookselling associations of small businesses saving is possible only when well-established network of logistics service companies (transport, information, marketing, financial, educational, etc.).

great importance is the well-developed service and for powerful enterprises. Currently, such large bookselling business as "Biblio-Globus, Moscow", "Young Guard, have up to 2000 suppliers, which complicates their procurement activities. However, while these stores are in no hurry to move to the use of large wholesale business, although this could increase efficiency of movement of economic flows. They fear becoming dependent on wholesalers and eventually end up in worse conditions than in the case of direct purchase from publishers.

In logistics, this situation became known problem MOU («Make or Bye») the problem of the MOU by the English - «Make or Bye», ie "Make or buy. " This problem is as follows. Any company in their daily activities permanently solve: should do something about their forces or to turn to specialist firms. Independent production company reduces reliance on partners, from the fluctuation of the market conditions, increases the reliability of supply, but can lead to increased cost of production (services), the decrease in quality. Appeal to the specialized firms that usually means higher quality and lower-cost themselves, since these firms have the appropriate equipment, experience, qualified staff, etc. However, the company gets into bo1lshuyu dependence on the external environment from business partners.

Solving the problem of the MOU, it is necessary to answer the following basic questions:

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how the costs will be less if the product (service) will be purchased from third-party vendors;
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whether there is confidence in compliance conditions of supply and whether to rapidly change suppliers if they are of unsatisfactory performance;
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whether there is a potential for successful collaboration with suppliers to encourage him to long-term collaboration, cooperation, development of joint projects;
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not lead Whether manufacturing products in-house to divert unacceptably large resources (financial, human) or, conversely, the firm currently exists surplus of qualified personnel, which needs to be loaded.

Addressing the MOU requires creativity, which should find logistical compromise between two principles: "Do not be taken for what others do best," and "If you want something done exactly as you want, do it yourself. "

To develop successfully, the firm should specialize in the things she does do better than their competitors, and this means that in other areas it must rely on the skills of partners, to join with them in co-operation. The risk of loss due to increasing dependence will be the lower, the higher the quality of partners, their business reputation, the more developed the informational openness of the economy, etc. Thus, the higher the degree of development of logistics in the society, the more "relaxed" the company waives its own production secondary to his goods (services) and shifts the task to the specialized service firms.

There is also a way to gain control over the activities of suppliers. For this purpose various forms and methods: buying companies (see below for integration), the acquisition of shares, the union of unions, associations, opinion agreements, etc. These forms are characterized by deep - from a complete loss of self-controlled entity to an interim coordination to solve a specific problem.

problem MOU («Make or Bye») The problem of the MOU is closely related to the problems of specialization and diversification (expanding the scope of activities) firms.

rationale Specialization firmyspetsializatsii company in any field is improving its effectiveness through economies of scale activities. It is known that the growth of homogeneous activity is cost savings. Economic benefits, coupled with experience form the key areas of competence of specialized firms (the so-called cumulative competence). This explains why specialized The firm provides services with greater efficiency.

Diversification of reducing the commercial risk of adverse market conditions. There is always the possibility that demand for goods (services), which specializes in the firm, may fall sharply. In order to reduce adverse impact and stay competitive, companies must have other activities that can, if necessary, to rapidly develop. For example, in the case of decreasing demand for the book company, which has in its composition of actors involved in periodicals, will develop their production.

There are interrelated and the diversification to ADB.

implementing coherent diversification, the company develops new activities complement the existing ones. This allows businesses to exchange akin to qualified professionals, use other common resources (equipment, technology, etc.). Diversification means to ADB for the development of new firm activity, which became profitable in the market. The latter strategy was popular in unsaturated market.

Diversification of activities can be carried out by acquiring existing businesses or opening new. In the first case we speak about integration.

Distinguish integration forward and backward integration.

Integration ago - is the acquisition of firms producing raw materials (eg, wholesale booksellers, publishers acquire). Usually it is done in order to guarantee the supply of materials (In this example - books) in terms of increasing sales.

forward integration - producer acquires firms engaged in the promotion of products to the consumer (publisher acquires bookstores). This is done to increase efforts to ensure the necessary level of sales in a saturated market.

There is also a horizontal integration - organization of member firms, equally oriented and produce the same or similar products.

In the book actually quite intensively are the processes of integration. A few years ago, the rise of capital publishing firms and drawbacks in the organization of bookselling network led many publishers to expand its operations to include wholesale and retail booksellers. Later practice development dopechatok circulation led to the fact that publishers began to enter into closer cooperation with printing companies. As Example of intensive integration processes can lead Publishers "Terra", which is one of the first acquired a printing company, has entered the book trade by organizing a book club and book stores. Such processes are typical of other major Russian publishing houses. These processes are not new to the Russian book market, they had a decisive importance in the early twentieth century when, for example, ID Sytin created a powerful corporation, which included Publishing, printing press, an extensive network of booksellers.

illustrate the firm's largest book business, "AST", as were the processes of diversification and integration.

Association began to form in 1990 as a wholesale booksellers. Two years later, the firm's management has come to the conclusion that income can be increase if the sell their own editions. In addition, the ability to publish books on their own will ensure that publications that are in demand, always will be on the market. Was formed its own publishing house. Until 1995, "AST" sold mostly foreign books, in 1995, foreign publications were already about 60%.

«AST became actively involved in joint activities to other publishers. Was chosen as a simple and economically attractive working principle: two sides - a wholesaler and publisher - invest in the publication of the book, and then the income from sales is divided by two. Publishers who have not had their own system implementation included in the economic relations with "AST" and eventually became members of the general economic groups.

«AST" today - a group of legally and virtually independent publishers (over 30) of a uniform system of planning publications and a uniform system of marketing. In 2000, a group of "AST" has produced approximately the fourth part of the circulation of books published in Russia.

In "AST" wholesaler to a certain extent dictated by the editors of what is necessary to prepare the publication. Interested in selling their books and getting the maximum income version of listen to those recommendations.

From the perspective of the publishing strategy task management "ACT" is now in the coordination and adjustment of publishing plans in each of these revisions to avoid duplication.

In 2000, the bookselling network "AST has worked almost exclusively with their own publications (95%). The Group actively collaborates with its shops, has 40 own shops in Moscow. In what is supposed to strengthen and expand these ties.

note another trend of the book business - consolidation of enterprises. This trend largely determines the development of our industry in general and its logistics in particular.

increase the influence of large firms is a worldwide trend. Thus, For example, in 1999, about 90% of the U.S. book market controlled by 20 corporations. In France, the two firms (Ashett "and" Havas ") control half the market in Spain this same market share belongs to five firms. The trend towards consolidation is not unique to publishing, but also for Bookselling business. In the UK, two Company Uoterstoun "and" Dillons "control up to 50% of the market.

in Russia in 1999, almost half (47%), circulation of books released 22 major publishers. Worldwide the process of enlargement is treated with a certain degree of apprehension, because it can lead to monopolization. While large firms will increase their influence, driving small business, it could mean the fall competition, higher prices, reducing the diversity of goods, ie hinder the development of normal market relations. In the book actually strengthen the role of several major publishing houses risk that a small number of them will affect your company tastes, values, worldview.

in the professional print notes that strengthening the role of large publishing houses leads to the fact that small publishers becoming increasingly difficult to get through to the reader, as they more difficult to organize distribution of their books.

representatives of major Russian publishing association "AST" explains the motivations of entrepreneurs to expand their activities:

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opportunity to reduce costs production of books;
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acquisition of good professionals. When they were little and the cost of training is very high, it is easier to buy a firm in which such people there;
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gaining access to new information (for example, to buy the publishing house with a large bank of images is easier than every time to buy these images);
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ensuring control over the publishing house, which regularly hosts joint projects, ie be sure that the conditions for cooperation will not change;
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absorption of a competitor.

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Mikrologistika and book business

Mikrologistika in the book really is examining ways and methods for optimizing traffic arriving at the company, processed there and outgoing flows of book production and related economic flows.

main logistics system considered in mikrologistike, an enterprise. In this case, the logistic chain, through which material and other economic flows, consists of various services of the enterprise (Units engaged in supply, production of goods or services, their implementation).

In mikrologistike enterprise can be considered as a whole, while its internal structure is not taken into account. With this approach are studied and optimized input and output streams that connect the enterprise with suppliers and customers.

mikrologisticheskih In other studies, the focus can be concentrated on the internal structure of the enterprise, in this case is investigated and optimized in-house movement processes of economic flows.

Mikrologisticheskoe study of large enterprises or associations as the object of research may have the following structure: enterprise (association, the holding company), the direction of multi- enterprise (business), a division of the company, and separate logistic functions and processes.

purpose mikrologisticheskih studies on the structure of any form is the logistic optimization of its activities aimed at better meet customer requirements (in accordance with Rule "Seven H" Rule of Seven H ").

As a consumer may make intercompany units (for example, a warehouse bookstore consumer storage service is a showroom).

From a consumer perspective, the effectiveness of the logistics system depends on the level provided logistic services, ie ability to create utility for consumers. The greater utility of the proposed logistics system sistemalogisticheskaya consumers the more they are willing to pay for them.

In logistics there are four types of utility.

useful forms created in the process of converting raw materials in the final product (in the book business - in the edition), ie mainly in the industrial sector (publishing and printing). Operations Presales performed in the book trade.

utility space formed by the movement of goods in a place where there is demand for them and where the buyer more convenient to buy them.
usefulness of time manifests itself in offering products to consumers at a convenient time for them when they need them.

Usefulness Ownership is formed by providing a transition of ownership of the goods (sales process), the most acceptable way for a buyer with a proposal additional services, etc.

last three types of utility are mainly in the wholesale and retail book trade, although some additions usefulness (eg, publishing, advertising) can be implemented by producers.

Creating useful at a cost. Material flow (the flow of services) moving from the entrance to the logistics system out of it, increases in value. Mikrologistiki problem - to provide the output stream from the enterprise as a можно больше полезностей для потребителей и при этом с оптимальными затратами. Для этого все службы предприятия должны предоставлять своим «внутренним» customers, ie other services they perform services in accordance with the Rule of Seven H "major logistical rule" seven H ": ensuring our customers he needs the goods in the required amount with the required quality at the right place at the right time with the best cost. Only in the case of such rule will operate a warehouse, the purchasing department, IT department, technical services, etc., employees of a trading hall bookstore can, get the optimum range of services from their partners, to provide services to the required quality of end customers, who came to him for books. Logistics should ensure consistency activities of departments and services company with one another, as well as with the mission of the company, which will reduce costs and improve the quality and usefulness of the produced goods (services rendered).

But in terms of the current (operational) activities of the subdivisions of their functioning could be controversial. For example, warehousing services for optimizing warehouse protsessskladskogo process may be interested in a clear timetable for delivery of goods in the showroom. Employees salesroom, in turn, would receive the goods from the warehouse at the time when he needed them. In this situation the problem of logistics to find a compromise especially taking into account the interests of the buyer, who came into the store. Buyer is to book the goods available on the market, it was available, ie was in the shop floor all the time. How to provide this challenging demands of customers, depending on the capabilities (resources) of a specific book shop. General will be only one - will require coordination of efforts of all the services the store and its supplier partners. At the same time solve the problem must be with the best cost, otherwise the retail price of the proposed store books may rise so that customers will find another store, a competitor in which the level services (including price) would be more suitable for them.

Thus, the application of logistics in the enterprise provides for the implementation of specific departments or individuals for their functional responsibilities "teamwork", ie desire to achieve a common goal based on the logistic the concepts of compromise, the total cost, cooperation, etc.

In publications devoted to problems of logistics, the following stand out the most obvious and measurable quantifiable results of the logistics:

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reduction of stocks of goods. Keep in mind that most of the working capital and publishing, and bookselling companies diverted into reserves tovarnyetovarnye stocks. Maintenance costs (including damage, obsolescence or other losses) are a significant portion of the costs;
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reduce the time spent in the production of goods (publishing, printing) and the sales cycle. Today the time required to print circulation is a fraction of the time required to implement this edition, including the time for storage, warehousing, transportation and other logistics operations;
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reduce transport costs, it becomes increasingly important with the growth in transport tariffs and the need to expand the geography of sales. The development of book trade in Russia should move towards increasing the share of sales attributable to the regions.

Logistics optimization of the company consists of three directions:

Improved parameters of input flows of resources through improved communications with suppliers.

Improving internal flows, ie results and synergies business units (primarily due to staff development, motivation).

Improving communication with customers, a better match Pvyhodnyh flows of goods and services to their requirements (Fig. 15Ris. 15. Directions logistics optimization of the enterprise).

input, internal and output streams are divided into several species (on components of their resources): physical, informational, financial, personnel, service. Each type of flow requires the optimization, but it should followed an integrated approach: all threads must be interconnected. Only the coordination of all flow parameters among themselves eventually give an optimal result.

For example, when entering the wholesale enterprise edition of the book (material flow) need to be appropriately are organized following streams:

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flow of information - employees of the company should already have information about the shipment, in order to prepare to receive the goods;
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stream financial - to pay for delivery to the delivery of goods or do it in a different time specified in the contract;
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flow of human resources - to ensure availability at the time of receipt of the employees who must perform the receive operation on the input stream enterprise;
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flow service - to provide a service provider, such as rapid and high quality reception of goods, rapid awareness arising when receiving discrepancies, etc.

Thus, optimization of logistics enterprise as a logistics system involves the following areas:

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first, optimizing the flow at all stages: receipt from the supplier, the movement within the enterprise, going beyond the enterprise to the recipient;
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secondly, the optimization of all kinds of economic flows in the complex, in vzaimosvyazke.

And, both areas of logistics optimization involves exclusion or minimization of unproductive operations (searching, waiting, wasteful of resources and routes of travel, etc.). For this tend to simplify and standardize operations, reduce duplication of functions performed, etc.

illustrate the application of logistics at individual enterprise examples taken from practice AP Biblio-Globus.

Some time ago this store was a study aimed to optimize the logistical links between internal departments Retail Bookselling business. The aim of the first phase of the study was identification of "bottlenecks" in the way of the flow of goods within the TD book "Biblio-Globus.

Promotion book goods in TD "Biblio-Globus" presented main stages of the movement of book products. The study showed that the power of three main divisions who use physical movement of goods, varied. The largest power department has admission. If we accept his capacity as 100%, then the capacity of the warehouse and salesroom was respectively 60 and 50%. Consequently, the product distribution chain there is a "bottleneck" and it is a trading hall. Thus, it is this critical resource must be given attention to explore opportunities to increase its capacity.

Promotion book goods in TD "Biblio-Globus, showroom is directly related with buyers, so some of the problems caused by the trading floor problems buying flows. Because the study was performed on mikrologisticheskom level, then it does not address issues of optimization of input buying flows. We note only that the intensity of the customer flow to a large depends on the quality range of commercial enterprise and service levels. What they are higher, the more buyers. Bookstore may, in very limited degree of influence on the buying flow fluctuations on the clock trading and Seasonality sprosasezonnym periods. For example, through premium reductions for those who makes a purchase during the hours of low intensity. Or through an advertising campaign calling for the purchase of textbooks to do in advance, not during rush demand.

And yet, the buyer purchases the book, when it is convenient, so shop floor workers must adapt to the nature of buying flows. Consequently, a major focus of the joint optimization "trading floor - the buyer" was found to improve traffic Sellers during the workday. This refers to the following:

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fluctuations customer flow must adequately meet the fluctuations in numbers sellers engaged in service on the trading floor (more visitors - more sellers and vice versa);
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release the seller from technical operations. As shown practice, this exercise can improve the implementation of 25%. The first seller was exempted from the operations order books from a warehouse that is currently in TD "Biblio-Globus" holds the computer system automatically;
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rationalizing distribution sellers in sections, taking into account breadth of assortment, customer flow in each section features work with different kinds of books, quantity purchases, etc.;
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training vendors. Have been identified two types of basic services provided by sellers to buyers: sales of books and accompanying this major process facilities. Respectively can distinguish two types of sellers:
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focused mainly on the sale of books;
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focused mainly on providing services to customers.

Highly seller combines these two orientation that gives him the opportunity to sell a lot of the high quality associated services (to inform buyers of individual approach, taking pre-orders, etc.). More problems of sales in the sales area will be discussed in the chapter "Logistics retail sales."

Once identified ways to optimize the trading floor, researchers have paid attention to optimizing the joint "Warehouse - showroom. Here the main focus of logistics optimization was considered improvement "avtodozakaza", ie computer system Order based on single copy sales record for each title. At the desired time of the computer system informs the warehouse need Showroom in a certain number of copies. This frees retailers from having to make an order manually, avoiding mistakes in orders, faster procedure order fulfillment and receiving books on the trading floor.

When optimizing interface "suppliers - Front Reception TD" Biblio-Globus "identified the following problems:

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created by suppliers - a mismatch between actual delivered goods and the goods indicated in the documents by number, output mismatch these books listed in invoices and invoices, delivery of books not on a fixed schedule, which inevitably leads to uneven input;
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internal - lack of parking space for cars, the shortcomings of planning and equipment of the reception.

These problems have created losses which were assessed in 30% of the time.

Styk "suppliers - Front Reception TD" Biblio-Globus can be optimized by:

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prior (Pending the receipt of books) posts information provider (electronically) and the delivery of samples;
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tightening requirements for vendor performance delivery schedule and the rules of documentary support supplies;
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streamline planning and equipment of the reception;
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delivery of goods directly to the trading floor, bypassing the warehouse.

Thus, the results of TD "Biblio-Globus" logistics study determined the direction of optimize the flow of goods within the book store.

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Methods for identifying and storing data in logistics

to ensure positive synergies and forming optimal horizontal the relationship between partners requires streamlining the process of collecting data on the actual movement of material flows.

storage of information should be organized so that you can make quick search and use necessary information.

Collecting data about the elements of material flows should be fast and with a high degree of confidence.

most modern method is the automatic data capture and identification gruzoedinitsy. This is achieved by scanning (computer readout) mounted on gruzoedini-chain related labels that contain special barcodes. The very same reading by using the optical, most of the laser scanners.

With the introduction of electronic exchange data and the continuing search for opportunities to reduce time and reduce unnecessary costs to add the cost of bar-coding system has contribute.

dashed, or strip codes {bar codes), are a combination placed in a fixed rectangle on gruzoedinitse alternating thick and thin black stripes, separated by bright (nezachernennymi) intervals of varying widths. Each of the ten digits (and some characters), encoded by their combination of these elements. Such combinations for each coding system, ie, for each type of bar code, are specific.

For maximum efficiency of the system requires the full integration of electronic data interchange systems, automatic identification (bar code) and the system of shipping, receiving and processing of material resources. The key point is to get control of material resources in real time processing capability and communication through electronic data interchange.

There are practically used by several types of bar codes, each of which has its purpose and scope of pre-emptive. Consider these types of bar codes in more detail.

dashed code type ITF-14, a limited rectangular frame, has the property taken from a greater degree of uniqueness in comparison with other bar codes are not in such bounding box. So he applied to be applied to the corrugated packaging and any uneven surfaces. This code used for marking shipments, placed in appropriate shipping containers.

for logistics management in addition to other bar codes used are also well known, not enclosed in a rectangular frame, the code 128. It is used to mark lot number, manufacturing date, a valid term implementation, etc. The barcode 128 is a continuous bi-Controllable variable-length code and allows you to display 128 characters ASCII.

Code 128 - code of high density, the distinguishing feature is the ability to encode a hundred pairs of integers, doubles the density record in providing bar code digital data.

Signs of a bar code 128 consists of three bars and three spaces. Strokes, and intervals are modular construction, and their width ranges from one to four modules. The width of the sign is 11 modules. An exception is the stop sign, which consists of 13 modules and has four strokes, and three intervals.

Example of traffic lights.

Each character code 128 can have three values \u200b\u200bdepending on the control sign in front. Select one of the three characters "Start" means treatment by encoding one of the three subsystems (A, B, C). The transition from one subsystem to another in the code number can be carried out by an appropriate sign of the "Shift".

in turnover (especially in retail trade and the supply of goods for export) exclusive use of bar code type found EAN (European Article Numbering). Using a special device cashier reads (scans) the code at the time of sale of goods.

After reading and writing of a product bar code computer cash register identifies this item, find the relevant details, visualizes their on-screen display and prints out the receipt.

Barcode EAN 13 is continuous and has a fixed length and high density recording allows you to display 13-digit number from 0 to 9.

code mark may be expressed by eight (EAN8) or 13 (EAN13) figures, while in the second case actually encodes only 12 digits. Signs of the bar code EAN consist of two bars and two spaces.

line images of 12 (8) digits add up to character code EAN. Boundary signs (long dashes - signs start and end character) define its boundaries, the symbol of divided into two parts, separated by commas (long strokes in the center of the character).

structure of such code is completely defined. In accordance with this structure, the figures that occupy certain areas of the code mark for EAN, have some merit.

unique for each type of product bar code symbol consists of 13 digits, coded in accordance with the Code EAN. and assigned to the product of the species still in the preparatory phase of its production.

Two or three left figures represent the country code of the manufacturer, set for it by the EAN. This part of the code word is also called a flag. For example, such codes (flags), some countries are: U.S. - 00 ... 09; CIS - 460 ... 469, Germany - 400 ... 440; Japan - 48, 49; Israel - 729, Sweden - 73, etc.

The next four digits are used for placing the code of the manufacturer.

remaining digits of the code, except the last, 13th, diverted to the manufacturer for coding its products at its discretion.

last, the 13th digit is a control. It is calculated as a certain manner on the basis of the first 12 digits that uniquely identifies the type of product. Certain calculated check digit is applied in the space her place code word simultaneously with the main part of the code word. After scanning the code word on the entered 12 digits, identifies this product again

calculated check digit is determined. The calculated value of the check digit is compared with its introduction value. If these two values \u200b\u200bdo not match, input has been carried out incorrectly. Typically, entry errors are eliminated during the second scan, although sometimes This may not be enough.

The variant, when the country code for the manufacturer is given two signs, and for the company code - five. Must also remember that the bar code does not carry information on the classification of goods, ie country code (first two or three digits), and the company code (four to five digits) and product code (five digits) (unique and unrepeatable) for this product and are at the same time the number of goods in the data bank where it is registered. Therefore, the first two or three digits - is the country code, or number of the country in an international data bank.

Take, for example, digital code 4 The first two digits (40), when read from left to right, indicate the country of the manufacturer (or seller) of the product (the "flag of the country"), in this case - Germany. The following five (18,993) - the manufacturer. Another five (40,478) - the name of the goods. And finally, the last digit (7) - control used to validate the previous reading digit code scanning system. Check digit code, you can identify yourself with the help of mathematical operations.

should note one important circumstance. Unique 13-digit number applied to the goods in the form of bar code represents only the memory address of the computer where the arrays are listed product information. This information can be visualized either have to move across the network information system in sync with the movement of material flow, formed by the relevant goods.

A variety of barcode EAN 13 bar code is the UPC. This continuous code with fixed length and high density recording allows you to display 12 digits from 0 to 9. There are two variants of the code UPC - a UPC-A and UPC-E. Code UPC-A has the same code table as EAN 13, encoded by the strokes, having four widths. Fig. 7.8 shows the structure of the barcode UPC-A.

Generally this code is almost similar to the EAN 13, except that in the first EAN 13 the figure is encoded implicitly. There is even some confusion in terms.

viewing information on some sites, you can see that the code called EAN Package UPC. These codes are in general similar, but they should not be confused, so the prefix of EAN 13 first number 0 is assigned to the U.S. and Canada. Barcode UPC {Universal Product Code) was developed in 1973 to application in the U.S. retail and Canada. Currently defined codes are three versions of UPC: A, E and D. Version D is currently being used.

following system barcode Interleaved used in many fields for encoding digital data and is an international standard code for marking packaging units of delivery.

Code Interleaved is a continuous bi-directional con-troleprigodnym code of variable length and can encode digital information (the numbers 0 through 9).

Interleaved code can be used in automated systems for identification of storage objects, luggage in airports; numbering airline tickets, identification of postal items and other

Barcode Interleaved belongs to a family of codes, "two out of five and has five elements in the sign two of which are broad.

feature code Interleaved is a representation of pairs of figures in the signs of the bar code with five bars and five spaces. At odd positions (counting from left to right) numbers are represented by dashes, and at even - at intervals (alternating). Encoding data with an odd number signs written in front of "0".

In the binary image of a wide bar or wide the gap is identical to the "1", a narrow bar or narrow the gap - "0." Value the width of the wide and narrow elements is not less than 2.5: 1. Sign "Home" consists of two narrow bars and two narrow gaps, stop sign - one wide stroke, one of the narrow bar and a narrow gap.

course, there are methods of manual input gruzoedinits identifiers, such as a keyboard. These methods do not require a notation with the help of special bar codes and automatic scanning devices. However, experience shows that people with manual input makes mistakes about 10,000 times more frequently than they occur in the automatic scanning.

Therefore, the bar code must be present on all goods that can be directed for export.

In logistics facilities management are the material flows, consisting both of individual units of goods and transport units of the parties. Note that the product is identified and supplied to consumers by the piece only in the store, ie, at the end of the movement material flow. At the same throughout all of the suppliers of raw materials, through production units, through wholesalers and retail distributors to various expeditionary units and commercial databases material flows represent the movement of freight packages together, unified Tar, container, pallets, tape, etc. Along with the earlier introduction of standards for pallets, containers and other standardized packaging, is currently the association EAN offers standard and the marking of the cargo units.

In accordance with the standard information about this cargo unit is placed in a unified label.

The size of the standard labels: vertical 148 mm horizontal and 210 mm. As can be seen from the figure, it consists of three parts: A, B and C. The area

A bar code is applied as contained in the cargo unit of the goods, ie, previously considered the EAN 13. In addition, it houses a bar code that displays the information about retention periods, as well as information that uniquely identifies the labeled loading unit. Thus, in this zone is formed by a common bar code, called UCC/EAN-128. This unified code uniquely identifies the loading unit, on which it appears, and its contents.

located at sites in information about the cargo unit in the form of an alphanumeric sequence in a readable form. These data can be entered into the computer system using keyboard.

Section C provides the complete disposal of the consignor. Here he can place any data in text form or as a graphic images. This label is applied to all four sides of the loading unit (container) in a certain place.

If the computers into which the Enter the bar and other relevant identification codes included in the integrated information system, the information entered is accessible to all members of supply process, in accordance with their powers.

thus ensuring cross-cutting system of accounting and control the movement of material flow at all stages and parts of the source of supply of raw materials, manufacturing, all types of warehousing and distribution finished products. Relevant information when it is available to all partners involved in the production and sales activities.

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concept of "demand response"

In foreign practice, among other mikrologisticheskih concepts over the last decade a large widely different versions of the concept / technology logistics, demand-driven "(demand-driven techniques, DDT). This concept is mainly developed as a modification of the concept of RP "Planning needs / resources" - improving the response to changing consumer demand. The most famous are the four versions of the concept: "the point of order (perezakaza)", "quick response", "continuous replenishment" and "Automatic replenishment.

concept of "point of order (perezakaza) (rules based reorder RBR) uses one of the oldest methods of control and inventory management, based on a point of order (perezakaza) ROP (reorder point) and the statistical parameters of the flow of products. Concept is used to determine and optimize the level of insurance reserves for elimination of fluctuations in demand. The effectiveness of ROP methodology to a large extent depends on the accuracy of demand forecasting, so was the practical application only since the development of information technology, with the advent of the possibility to receive and process information On the demand side of each point of sale with the help of modern telecommunication and information and computer systems. This also contributed to the new flexible manufacturing technologies that significantly reduce the duration of production and logistics cycles.

scope of the concept of RBR - a level control insurance reserves, and in those or other options for determining points of order are used other methods "to respond to demand."

Mikrologisticheskie concept "Rapid response", "continuous replenishment" and "automatic replenishment," based on the methodology of "reactive response" to alleged demand by the concentration or rapid replenishment at the points of the market, close to the predicted increase in demand. These concepts are defined similarity, as the aim at minimizing the response time of the logistics system to changes in demand and even for preventive management solutions stocks of finished products, anticipating demand dynamics.

concept of "rapid response" (quick response, QR) is the logistics co-ordination between retailers and wholesalers to improve the promotion of the finished product in their distribution networks in response to anticipated changes in demand. This concept is carried out by monitoring sales in the retail and wholesale transfer of information on the volume of sales for the specified nomenclature and range, and from wholesalers - producers of finished products. Information support provides separation of the "rapid response" between retailers, wholesalers and manufacturers. For example, retailers can

require the manufacturer to reduce the duration production period from 15 to 13 days, and replenishment of stocks _ from suppliers - from six to three days. Advances in information technology facilitates reducing uncertainty in the timing of delivery of finished goods, production and replenishment, opening up opportunities as flexible interaction partners in integrated logistics networks. Applying the concept of "rapid response" to reduce the stocks of finished products to the required level but not below a value capable of quickly meet consumer demand, and at the same time significantly improve inventory turnover.

Concept "Continuous replenishment" (continuous replenishment, CR) is a modification of the concept of "rapid response" and is designed to eliminate the need for orders to replenish stocks of finished products. The purpose of this strategy - the establishment of an effective logistics plan for a continuous replenishment finished goods inventories at retailers. Through the daily processing of information on sales at retailers and shipments of finished goods from wholesalers supplier (manufacturer) calculates the required demand in quantity and assortment of goods. Then agreement is reached between supplier, wholesalers and retailers to replenish their stocks of finished goods by signing the purchase commitments. Provider-based processing information about sales and forecast demand is continuous (or high frequency) resupplies at retailers, either directly or through wholesale brokers. In some cases, a through freight or direct delivery of finished products to retailers, bypassing wholesalers. According to the concept of "continuous replenishment" for efficient operation requires two main conditions: firstly, should provide reliable Information from retailers and reliable delivery of finished products and, secondly, the size of consignments must meet the maximum load capacity vehicles.

further development of strategies for "rapid response" and "continuous replenishment" was a logistical concept "Automatic replenishment" (automatic replenishment, AR). This concept provides the suppliers (manufacturers of finished products), the necessary set of rules for making decisions on product characteristics and categories.

Product category represents a combination of size, color and related products usually presented together in a particular retail outlet network. By applying the strategy of automatic replenishment "supplier can meet the needs of retailers in the product category by eliminating the need to track individual sales and inventory levels for goods fast implementation. Inventory management at retailers increases the responsibility of the supplier for delivery reliability and maintenance level stocks in accordance with demand. This strategy also allows retailers to reduce costs associated with the formation of commodity stocks.

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Information Support Logistics Logistics

management of various kinds of material flows based on treatment-related with these streams of information, initiating them and resulting from their movement.

information logistics can be seen in the narrow and broad sense words.

In the first case the information is providing logistics functional area of \u200b\u200blogistics management or the general theory of logistics. In the second case is a logistics information system providing information organization as a whole based on the logistics of the rules (rationality, timely, accurate calculation).

Comprehensive analysis of the conceptual apparatus allows us to consider the information logistics as the science of implementation methods for collecting, processing, storage and distribution of information in the industrial and economic systems based on logistic Regulations (relevancy information in the right quantities, at the right time, right place and at a cost).

objects of logistics information systems are the information flows associated with supply, production, inventory and distribution of finished goods in multi-tier industrial and economic complexes (both within individual organizations, both inside and outside).

subject of information management in logistics systems are concrete structural units, or decision makers.

Implementing a systematic approach in logistics requires a consideration of subject and object management as a set of elements (links), between which establishes certain functional connections and relationships.

Information link is some economic and / or functionally separate object, not subject to further decomposition in the framework of the existing information system that performs local purpose connected with certain information operations. Part of the information system can be a workstation management personnel, information systems department management of the organization or outside group of administrative workers, united by common running information functions (procedures, operations).

Information functions, procedures and operations formed the basis of generally accepted concepts of decomposition the original set into its component parts. However, unlike other types of functions (procedures, operations) Information analogs are characterized by a set of actions associated with a particular object, namely, information flows (an organization

information files and streams, the coordination of movement Information flows, collection, processing, storage and transmission of information). Specificity of their definition in the logistics environment is characterized by thrust to implement the goals and tasks of the logistics system and / or its links.

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Information system

Essentially determine the maximum supply chain is interpreted as the integration of key functional areas of business (logistics functions) of the company and its partners from the beginning or origin of the information flow of goods to the delivery of products or services in accordance with the requirements of end users.

Ambiguity interpretation of the term "supply chain" shows that this term is often used as a synonym for logistics or integrated logistics. " Now, however, his perception is increasingly shifting towards an expanded understanding of Supply Chain Management (SCM) - as a new business concept.

Such a structure should be considered in the functional and organizational aspects.

functional structure is represented as a pyramid.

At the base of the pyramid of functional logistics information system is a system of operations between the units of the logistics system, which determines the relationship between the functional units firm (in terms of logistics functions), logistics intermediaries and consumers of the firm. The scheme covers only key functions associated with the second level of information control procedures and accounting. The two functional levels of logistics information system usually directly linked to the system of distribution of finished goods firms, in particular with the activities of distribution centers. At the level of analysis of logistics regional or administrative managers of the company mainly use the information for tactical purposes for marketing, forecasting, financial and operating performance. Finally, at the higher strategic level logistics management defines the strategy and is linked to strategic corporate planning and mission of the firm.

Features of systemic levels of the functional structure of the logistics information system linked with the achievement of certain strategic and tactical goals of the firm and competitive advantage. Shows the development of logistics information system and receive on this basis of competitive advantage by improving the quality of products (services) and reduce logistics costs.

Organizational structure of the logistics information system can be enlarged formed of four subsystems: control orders procedures, research and communications, logistics support decisions and to generate output forms and reports. These interrelated subsystems provides information and computer support all functions of logistics management and communication with the micro-and makrologisticheskoy environment.

The organizational structure of logistics information system as one of the major subsystems of the selected subsystem management procedures, orders, due to direct contact of this subsystem with consumers in the processing and order fulfillment. Of great importance here is the use of the concept of "Electronic Data Interchange" and based her standards for ED1.

subsystem research and communication reflects the influence of external and internal environment of a firm in the process of logistics management and implement the interaction between the units of logistics systems and management functions by:

• integrating logistics planning with the corporate planning;

• interaction logistics management with other corporate functions;

• strategic guidelines for the organizational structure of the logistics system and staff;

• Integration of information technology;

• preparation or purchase of technology and the use of intermediaries;

• adapting to the firm forms of logistics chains, channels and networks, as well as management functions;

• emphasis on performance and quality of service in logistics.

the subsystem plays an important role in reflecting the changes and requirements of both external and internal environment of the firm. Logistics manager can use this subsystem to scan the micro-and macro firms in four ways:

1) indirectly by considering based on a general analysis of information obtained when there is a certain specified purposes;

2) direct examination, when information about the external and internal environment firms are actively analyzed beforehand stated purpose;

3) an informal survey of relatively limited and unstructured data;

4) a formal investigation with a preconceived plan, procedures and methods for processing and analysis of information obtained.

To optimize results of estimating the influence of external and internal environment of a firm's behavior Logistic System logistics manager must use the key sources of information subsystem in the monitoring process. Here we must consider two aspects. First, the use of information firm personnel to assess the effectiveness of its logistics solutions. For example, accounting information or information on prices for finished products of competitors can give comprehensive answer on the effectiveness of management, information about the size of consignments can be used by transport departments firms etc. Secondly, logistic partners of the company, such as providers of material resources, resellers, carriers and consumers of finished products can also use the information subsystem to improve coordination and reduce their own costs. An important place in the subsystem belongs to forecasting, in particular, so it matters as the collection of baseline information, assessing the accuracy, reliability, using the most effective methods prediction.

third component of the logistics information system is a subsystem of the support of logistics solutions, which is is an interactive computer information systems, including databases and analytical models are implemented, as a rule, optimization problems, encountered in logistics management. The subsystem creates, maintains and supports various structured, centralized and distributed database for the four main types of files:

• basic files that contain external and internal information necessary to make logistical decisions;

° critical factors determining the principal action, objectives and constraints in decision-making;

• policies / parameters that contain the basic logistics operating procedures for key areas;

• solution files that store information about previous (periodic) solutions for various logistic functions.

This subsystem uses a large number of economic and mathematical models and methods (in particular for forecasting support the decisions made by logistics management). All of these models and methods can be divided into classes: optimization, heuristics and simulation. Optimization models of decision making based on the methods of operational calculus: programming (linear, nonlinear, dynamic, stochastic, integer), mathematical statistics (correlation-regression analysis, the theory of random processes, identification theory, the theory of statistical decision-making models, etc.), calculus of variations, optimal control, queuing theory, graphs, schedules, etc. In particular, for various logistics functions, you can specify the following tasks:

• optimal scheduling in production, transportation, materials handling;

• optimal placement of objects in the production, distribution, warehousing;

• the construction of optimal supply chains, channels and networks;

• construction of an optimal organizational structure of logistics system;

• optimal routing;

• determine the optimal duration components of logistics cycles;

• optimization of procedures for collecting, processing and fulfillment;

• parameter optimization inventory management systems;

• optimal choice of carrier, freight forwarder, distributor, etc.

in the subsystem are widely used interactive (interactive) procedure information decision support logistics management.

fourth element of the organizational structure of logistics information system - a subsystem of generating output forms and reports ".

Information Management System in Logistics to perform the above functions must be properly organized. Specificity of this system lies in the fact that in the normal course of business, it must be able to have an impact on all functional subsystems logistics organization. On this basis there are three possible ways of its organization: centralized, decentralized and specialized.

With centralized way of organizing activities to ensure the information is concentrated in one office (OU) and reports directly to senior management of the organization through the Vice-President (Deputy Director) for information Systems (technology). The advantage to this method of organization is to provide high performance work to incorporate new information systems and technologies. The disadvantages are the high cost of maintaining the administrative apparatus.

In decentralized mode of organization of the subsystem information management specialists from different functional units perform the functions of information management in their subject area. The advantage of this method of organization is the high level of domain knowledge manager for information systems, lack of - Duplication of similar tasks and functions in different parts of the organization.

When specialized way in the organization are no divisions Information Systems (Technology). If you need to develop and implement a new information system, these organizations seek to specialized firms and perform work on a contractual basis (outsourcing).

It is common for small organizations that can not have its own experts in the field of information technology, full-time employees, and use the services of consultants. The advantage of this way of organizing information support system is a high level of scientific and methodological developments, the disadvantage - the complexity of the specific features of the object.

The choice of method organization of information support system depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the organization, its existing business processes, availability of funds. Note: Information Management System has now reached such a level of expertise that requires attention to their organization - is to understand contemporary leaders. Therefore, any small organization incorporates information services. Information system is needed to adequately perform the functions of logistics, should meet the following requirements:

• information flows should be compatible the information-;

• internal linkages and interdependencies of information flows must be causal;

• hierarchical subordination of the information flows to be clear;

• information system should be inherent property of integrity.

The construction of such a logistics information system should be based on the principles:

1. Completeness and suitability of the information to the user. Logistics manager must have the necessary and complete (enough) information for decision-making, and in the required form to him. For example, Information on stocks or orders consumers often need to pre-treatment and are usually located, not where logistics manager takes solution.

2. Accuracy. The accuracy of the initial information is crucial to making the right decisions. For example, information on stock levels in the distribution network in the modern logistics system allows no more than 1% error or uncertainty for effective decision-making in the physical distribution, stockpiling and customer satisfaction. Of great importance is the accuracy and reliability of input data for forecasting demand requirements planning for material resources, etc.

3. Timeliness. Logistical information should flow into the system management time, as required by many logistics technologies, especially based on the concept of "just in time." Timeliness of information is important practically for all the complex logistics functions. In addition, many problems in transportation, operations management, order management and inventory management are solved in real time ("on line"). The same demand, and numerous logistical problems of monitoring. Requirements for timely receipt and processing information are realized with modern logistics technology scanning, satellite navigation, bar coding, implementation of standards EDI / EDIFACT.

4. Orientation. Information in the supply an information system should be aimed at identifying additional opportunities to improve product quality, service, reducing logistics costs. Methods for producing, transmitting, displaying, and preliminary data processing should help to identify bottlenecks, reserves and savings, etc.

5. Flexibility. Information circulating in the logistics information system must be tailored to specific users, to have the most convenient for them to look. This is a tangent. is defined as the company's personnel and logistics intermediaries and end users. Paper and electronic documents, intermediate and output forms, reports, certificates and other documents should be as adapted to the needs of all participants in the logistics process and adapted to a possible on-line for many users.

6. Appropriate data format. The format of the data and messages used in computer and telecommunications networks, logistics information system should be maximally effective use of performance hardware (memory, speed, bandwidth, etc.). Types and forms of documents, the location details on paper documents, the dimension data and other parameters should facilitate machine processing of information. In addition, the necessary information compatibility of computer and telecommunications systems logistics intermediaries and other users of data formats in the supply of information system.

Developing Information systems in logistics is carried out in a hierarchical fashion, with a logistics information systems numbering starts with the lowest levels. Such a principle adopted in order to allow building an information system to higher ranks and its inclusion as a sub in the synthesis system and a network of higher order, if that appears necessary.

In accordance with this structural decomposition in the information systems in logistics are three levels:

1. The first level - a level of the workplace (in the broadest sense), for example, places storage, the machine to perform machining, places or installations to be placed in containers and labeling, etc. At this level is that or other logistical operation with controlled material flow, namely its element (part, unit packaging, desktop, satellite, or any Another gruzoedinitsa) moves, overloaded, packed, held one or another treatment.

2. The second level - a level of production area, shop, warehouse, etc., where there are processes of processing, packaging and transport gruzoedinits and posted jobs.

3. The third level - a system transportation and travel gruzoedinits throughout the supply chain system as a whole from loading of raw materials and components to delivery of finished products to consumers and accounts for them.

levels of the supply system and leadership, which correspond to their levels of information system define functional and completeness of information subsystems.

At the top level of the information system is implemented planning to information subsystem. Logistics management is carried out here the general material flow in order to organize production and sales activities aimed at the most efficient market needs.

At the second level of information system are the so-called permissive (disposite - place to dispose of) the information subsystem. These subsystems detail the plans drawn up at the top level and bring them to the level of individual production units, shops, mechanized to varying degrees of warehouses and other industrial units, etc., as well as determine how the actions of these units.

At the lower level information systems are located so-called executive information subsystem. They bring jobs, rules and regulations to specific jobs and performers, also carry out monitoring of the process process in the workplace and provide feedback to form the primary information from these jobs.

Note that it is planned, the dispositive and executive subsystems are connected by direct and inverse vertical information flow.

separate sets of tasks within the specified functional subsystems are connected by horizontal information flow.

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Mikrologisticheskaya system KANBAN

Mikrologisticheskaya system KANBAN (in Japanese - the map) is one of the first attempts of practical implementation of the concept of "just in time" corporation Toyota Motor. KANBAN system represents the first implementation of the "pull" mikrologisticheskih systems in production, the introduction of which from the beginning of the development of the firm Toyota took about 10 years. Such a long period was due to the fact that the system could not work without the proper logistics surrounding the concept of "just in-time, key elements of this environment were:

• rational organization of production and balance;

• universal quality control at all stages of the production process and quality of raw material resources from suppliers;

• partnerships with reliable suppliers and carriers;

• increased professional responsibility and high labor discipline for all staff.

Thus, the system combines KANBAN features of the system "just in time", in particular, the small size of the stock and the individual production units. System is often used in regular production large volumes of products, but less suitable for large or expensive items (the cost of their storage in a warehouse or shipping large).

Initial attempts American and European competitors will automatically move scheme KANBAN in the production of excluding these and other factors, logistic environment suffered failure.

Mikrologisticheskaya system KANBAN, first used Toyota Motors Corporation in 1972 at the plant "Takahama" (Nagoya, Japan) is a system of organization continuous production flow, capable of rapid restructuring and require almost no insurance stocks. The essence of the system is KANBAN that all production units of the plant, including the final assembly line, are provided with resources in quantity and in terms that are necessary for of the order, given subdivision, the consumer.

Thus, unlike the traditional approach to the production of a structural unit of Production has no general rigid production schedule, and optimize their work within an order unit firms carrying out operations on the follow- stage of production and technological cycle.

means of conveying information in a special card "kanban" in a plastic envelope. Distributed two types of cards: the selection and production order. In a card selection indicates the number of parts (components, semi-finished products) that must be taken at the previous site of processing (assembly), while in the card production order - the number of parts to be manufactured (assembled) at the previous stage of processing. These cards are circulating inside the company's Toyota, as well as between the corporation and to cooperate with companies, as well as in enterprises of branches. Thus, the card "kanban" carry information about the amounts spent and manufactured products, which allows for the concept of "just in time."

With operations in the KANBAN system uses the following rules of two cards of "kanban":

1. Can not be manufactured any product until long as the card production order does not permit production.

workers can perform the maintenance work, carry out cleaning or working on projects to improve up until you arrive card production order. Accordingly, card selection controls the transport of goods between sections of processing (assembly).

2. Can only apply the standard containers, they are always filled with the prescribed small volume production.

3. To the container just have one card selection, and one card production order.

main indicators of such a system are volume of the container and the number of them in the system. Control is very accurate, flexible and sensitive, prevents the undesirable increase the level of reserve.

consider the classical example of the system KANBAN.

the manufacture of products A, B, C on the assembly line used parts a and b are made on the previous process stage (production line). Parts a and b are produced in the preceding stage, stores along the conveyor, attaching thereto Card Order "kanban". Work with assembly line manufactures products A, on the truck or truck from a technology comes with a card orders to place storage items and to take a certain number of boxes of parts with attached card selection. On-site warehouse worker loads a loader (technology truck) the necessary number of parts and according to the card selection, while removing boxes from the previously attached to them card production order. He then delivers the received details of the assembly line with a selection of cards, "kanban". At the same time the card production order remain in place storage details while the production line, showing the number of items taken. They form an order for new parts, g, the amount of which will be in strict conformity the quantity specified in the card production order "kanban".

Since the system supports a minimum level of reserves to provide continuous work of industrial-technological areas and personnel, and adjusted by means of calculating the average daily demand in every detail and definition appropriate number of cards "kanban". When material resources are spent, the card order "kanban" is sent to suppliers to replenish their reserves. So as the projected amount of time and supplies are low, commissioned by the party are small. In addition, the stock of which is preserved for the period of delivery, maintained at a minimum.

Another example that illustrates how the system mikrologisticheskoy KANBAN

There are two processing centers (OC): 0TS1, use the details to make a semi-finished and OTS2 using semi-finished products for the manufacture of products C. Before applying the technology KANBAN must decide how many units of each item range can fit on the container. In the system there is no storage on the ground, since only used containers moved from one OC to another through technological transport. Each container is completely filled has a card attached to it "kanban" with the following information:

• Code components (semi-finished products, work in progress);

• description;

• products (final, intermediate), where these components are used;

• number (code working), which produces components;

• Number OC (code working) that uses the component;

• the number of components for the container;

• number of containers (cards "kanban") next to the OC. Cards "Kanban" may be of two colors: black and white.

White cards are on the containers at the entrance ("in") for OTS1 and OTS2 and are intended for transportation. Black Card "kanban" are on the containers at the exit ("out") and the mean resolution for processing. Information on cards attached to the containers, applies to a particular container and record the volume and the corresponding above-mentioned particulars. In the management of each operation in logistics technology involved KANBAN Only free cards, which are separated from the container.

Black Card component C is the output for OTS2. In this case, it denotes a decision for OTS2 (working at this center) to produce as many units of component C as needed to fill the empty container. In this process uses OTS2 a container with the items in the filed at the entrance OTS2, releasing a cursory card "kanban", which gives permission to transport the container to another In parts of OTS1 (its output) to the input OTS2. Work on the truck with the container and freed a white card arrives OTS1 where a container filled with In detail, removes black card and leaves it next to an empty container, and he attaches a white card on the container filled with parts B and transports him to OTS2 ..

free black card is the order for OTS1 on production of the next container of parts B. In the process of manufacturing the container is released And with the details, and white card is a signal to the supplier for replenishment of parts A to one container, etc. In spite of the fact that mikrologisticheskaya system KANBAN production generated by the conveyor, its principles can be applied throughout the supply chain for any type of production. KANBAN - a typical "pulling" mikrologisticheskaya system whose main objective is to produce only the required number of products in accordance with the demand of a finite or an intermediate consumer. For example, when parts are needed on the assembly line, they come with the previous industrial site along the chain in the required number and at the right time. And so on throughout the supply chain of production.

KANBAN system significantly reduces the stock of material resources at the input and work in progress manufacturing output, allowing you to identify bottlenecks in the production process. When the problem is solved, the volume of buffer stocks to fall again, until do not show up the next bottleneck. " Thus, this system allows you to create a balance in the supply chain by minimizing inventory at every stage.

Practical use of KANBAN, and then its modified versions can significantly improve product quality, reduce logistics cycle, thereby greatly increasing the turnover of working capital firms to reduce production costs, virtually eliminate the insurance reserves and significantly reduce the amount of work in progress. Analysis of the global experience of the system mikrologisticheskoy KANBAN many well-known engineering firms shows that it provides an opportunity to reduce inventories by 50%, trade - 8% with a significant acceleration of turnover of circulating means and improving the quality of the finished product.

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logistics concept / technology "Just in time"

most widespread in the world of logistics concept is the concept of "just-in. The term" (Just-in-time, JIT). She appeared in the late 1950's. When the Japanese company, Toyota Motors, and then other automotive companies in Japan have begun to actively introduce mikrologisticheskuyu system KANBAN. The name of this concept later gave the Americans also tried to use this approach in the automotive industry. Original slogan of the concept of "just in time" had the potential exclusion of stocks of materials, components and semi-finished products in the manufacturing process of car assembly and their main units. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe concept of JIT is the following: if the production schedule is set (while abstracting from demand or orders) then we can arrange the movement of material flows that all materials, components and semi-finished products will be delivered in the required amount at the right place (on the assembly line - pipeline) and precisely the appointed time for the manufacture or assembly of finished products. In this case, insurance stocks are immobilized cash firm, no longer needed.

Glossary ELA defines the concept of "just in time" so - this approach to succeed, based on sequential elimination of waste (under the losses are defined as any action, do not add value to the product). It is also the delivery of materials necessary time and right place.

concept of "just in time" was the basis for subsequent implementation of logistics concepts / technologies, such as "flat" or "Lean" manufacturing and logistics value added. "

logistic positions with the concept of "just in time" implies that the flows of material resources carefully synchronized with the need for them, given the production schedule of finished products. Such synchronization is not that otherwise, as the coordination of two basic logistics functions: supply and production management. This concept has been successfully applied in the distribution, systems, sales of finished products and makrologisticheskih systems. With this in mind it can give the following definition.

concept of "just in time" - a modern concept / technology of the logistics system in manufacturing (operations management), logistics and distribution, based on synchronization delivery processes of material resources and finished products in required quantities to the time when the links logistics system in need of them, to minimize the costs associated with stockpiling.

concept of "just in time" is closely connected with the components of the logistics cycle. In the ideal case material resources or finished goods to be delivered to a certain point of the logistic chain (channel) at the precise moment when they have a need, eliminating excess inventory, both in production and in distribution. Many modern logistics systems based on this approach, focused short components of logistics cycles, and this requires an adequate response units logistics system to changes in demand and therefore production program.

logistics concept "just in time" has the following main features:

• minimal (zero) stocks resources, work in process, finished goods;

• shorter production (logistics) cycles;

• low-volume production finished products and replenishment (supply);

• Relationship of procurement of material resources with a small number of reliable suppliers and carriers;

• effective information support;

• high quality finished products and logistics services.

introduction and spread of the concept of "just in time" in the world has changed the traditional approach of management to inventory management.

widespread in the logistic practice the concept of "just in time" due to low stocks of material resources, work in process and finished goods; reduction production areas, improving product quality and reduction of the marriage; reduced production time, increased flexibility in changing the range products; high performance and efficient use of equipment; active participation of workers in solving production and technological problems; good relationships with suppliers and others

Objectives "just in time" similar to those planning material requirements - to provide the necessary part of the product at the right time, right place, but how to achieve these objectives and the results are completely different. While the planning system needs in materials based on the calculations, the system of continuity based on industrial engineering. There are many distinctive features of the system "accurately in time ", which are manifested in practice in any kind of activity in the company of any form of ownership in the manufacturing or non-productive sector economy.

Implementing the concept of "just in time" begins with answering the questions as the products will be sold and whether it can be easily manufactured. If these Questions answered in the affirmative attention switches to the development process itself.

work the logistics system, modeled on the concept "Just in time", can be represented as dvuhbunkernuyu inventory management system. One tank is used to meet demand in manufacturing and marketing respectively, for material resources or finished goods, the other - is replenished by the consumption of the first. Emphasis is placed on the placement of equipment in such a way as to ensure a continuous production process. Where possible, automation is introduced as a process of production and processing raw materials. Often, equipment is placed in the form of a letter U, which promotes teamwork, flexibility of work, cycles in the processing of raw materials and products. When This product developers seeking to standardize the production cycle time and a permanent set of products based on monthly production plan throughout the system. This practice makes the production process into a cycle of at least a month.

Thus, the production of finished products small quantities in a relatively short production cycles determines the duration of cycles of supply of material resources.

Theoretically ideal size of an order for the base system "just in time" is one unit, but this is usually not realized due to the high costs of marketing and processing each order.

Logistic Systems using the principles of the concept of "just in time" are "pulling" systems {pull systems), in which the placement of orders to replenish stocks of material resources or finished goods occurs when the number of them in certain links of the logistics system reaches a critical level. At the same stocks, "pulled" through distribution channels from the suppliers of material resources or logistics intermediaries in the distribution system.

The concept of "just in time" is played by the demand that determines the further movement of raw materials, components, semi- and finished products. Short cycles in the components of logistics systems that use this approach, contribute to the concentration of the major suppliers material resources near the firms engaged in the process of manufacture or assembly of finished products. The firm tries to choose a small number of suppliers, a high degree of reliability of supply, since any disruption in supply could disrupt production schedules.

In practical implementation the concept of "just in time" the key role played by the quality of products. Japanese automotive firms initially implementing the principles of this concept and mikrologisticheskuyu KANBAN system in production, have changed the approach to monitoring and quality management at all stages of the production process and the subsequent service. This eventually resulted in the already mentioned above, the philosophy of total quality management. The concept of "just in time" contributes to the control and maintain the level of product quality in the context of all the components of the logistics structure. Mikrologisticheskie systems based on this approach associated with synchronization of all processes and stages of the supply of material resources, production and assembly, delivery of finished goods to consumers assume the accuracy of information and forecasting. This explains, in particular, and the short components of the logistics (production) cycles. For effective implementation of JIT technology should work with reliable telecommunications systems, information and computer support.

Modern JIT technology and logistics systems have become more integrated and combined from the various options for logistics and production concepts distribution systems, such as systems that minimize the stocks in the supply channels, logistics systems to quickly switch, align inventory levels, group technology, preventive flexible automated manufacturing, modern logistics system of general statistical control cycles of product quality, etc. Therefore, at present such technology usually referred to the new version of the concept of "just in time" - Concepts JITII.

main purpose of the logistics concept JITII is the maximum integration of all logistical functions of the firm to minimize inventory levels in the integrated logistics system, providing high reliability and quality of products and services for maximum satisfaction consumers. Systems based on the ideology of JITII, using flexible manufacturing technology release small amounts of finished goods group range based on the early prediction of consumer demand.

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elements (links) logistics system in a certain amount of order logistics Chain (supply chain)

These concepts are not clearly demarcated, and sometimes the terms "logistics system", "logistics network", "logistics chain" and "supply chain" used as synonyms, especially in the foreign logistics practice.

The dictionary ANNEX supply chain is defined as "the union of all types of business processes (Design, production, sales, service, procurement, distribution, resource management, support functions) needed to meet demand product or service - from initial receipt of raw materials or information to the delivery of the final consumer.

In this definition, the supply chain interpreted as the integration of basic logistics functions from the beginning of nucleation of information or service in accordance with the requirements of end users.

in the terminological dictionary APICS present two interpretations of the supply chain:

• the process of purchasing the finished product, associated companies: the supplier - The consumer;

• functions inside and outside the company needed in the value chain to deliver products and service consumer.

As seen from the above definitions, the focus when considering the logistics chain (supply chain) as the object of research or management is made at that chain - a sequence of pairs of interconnected units (divisions of the company and / or its logistics partners) - the supplier - the consumer, "by which goods are delivered to the final consumer, organized in such a way as to satisfy a given goal. It does not impose any conditions on the linear ordering parts supply chain.

in the terminological dictionaries AN Rodnikova states: logistics chain - is a linearly ordered set physical and / or entities (suppliers, intermediaries, transporters, etc.) directly involved in bringing a specific batch of product to the consumer.

Other domestic researchers in the field of logistics give the following definition: logistics chain - the set of links in the logistics system, ordered by the primary and / or accompanying the flow in accordance with the parameters of the order the end user within the functional area logistics or logistics kanala18.

In this regard, logistics chains are normally designed in separate functional area of \u200b\u200blogistics. In this logistic chain of supply connects single supplier with the central company, in production - could be considered as a set of intra-links of the logistics of conducting the flow of material resources and finished goods to warehouse finished products The manufacturer, in the distribution - connects the manufacturer / supplier of finished products with the end point of sales.

Moreover, for every functional area of \u200b\u200blogistics source option of forming supply chain is customer's order.

in the logistics chain, ie, the chain of which are trade and information flow from supplier to consumer, highlighted such major units as procurement and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-manufactures, storage products and raw materials, production of goods distribution, including the shipment of goods from the warehouse of finished products, consumption of finished products. Each link in the supply chain includes its elements, which together form the material basis of logistics: Vehicles and their development, warehousing, communications and management. Logistic system covers and frames, ie, those employees who perform all the successive operation and guidance system as a whole.

Formation of the logistics chain can be targeted by a legal merger and acquisitions firm. Formation of such a chain can also occur through the voluntary cooperation of various services, departments and firms that relevant a way of legally and organizationally issued.

supply chain tend to create compliance with the modular principle in management. This takes into account two seemingly mutually exclusive principles: collaboration and cooperation, on the one hand, and competition - on the other. This raises the possibility of using free resources supply chain participants in order to smooth out fluctuations in external conditions. The flexibility of the resulting supply chain allows special one-time supply (through the established with the network of channels of distribution and transportation) to smooth consumption peaks. Inevitable risks at the same time significantly reduced.

information between the individual elements of the logistics chain are implemented using a set of modern means for processing and transmitting information. Usually, this computerized system for collecting and processing information. For their construction using local computer networks, providing a pass-through and information processing and two-way access to external networks.

construction and research logistics chains, formed by information and financial flows, is of great practical importance, since the movement of material resources and finished products asynchronously, ie, does not coincide with the associated flow of information and funds. For example, information that are shipped and is on the way, comes to the buyer before the product itself. The time of the sale of goods and logistics services are usually separated from the date of receipt of goods or services (eg prepaid). In addition to discrepancies in time, the studied streams divorced and separated in space. Problems arising from the nonisomorphism flows, significantly complicates the adoption of effective logistics solutions and require constant attention.