Classification of goods transported
To determine the transport strategy in addition to information about the types of transport, which can be used, it is necessary analysis of the types of cargo, which forms the material flow to be transported.
To conduct such an analysis is necessary to systematize and classify goods forming material flow in a channel of distribution.
In terms of transportation, cargo - this or that product (raw material, intermediate products, components), which is accepted for carriage traffic.
cargo considered to be in condition for shipment, if there is a need condition, packed and marked in accordance with current regulations.
set of indicators of goods, which defines the requirements for all conditions of their carriage, called the transport characteristics.
to date on the various vehicles used by its principles and ways of classifying the goods transported.
believed that the most convenient and well-developed, tested by long practice, is the classification of goods adopted in maritime transport.
Different types of cargo are provided with appropriate labeling. Distinguish between commodity (industrial), otpravitelskuyu, special (Warning), and transportation markings.
Transportation marking applied by the sender and contains the invoice number, serial number register and the number of seats in the posting.
All This refers to the classification of goods transported and used for that purpose, and devices.
themselves, however, transport processes, even when using one type of transport can be carried out in various ways, and therefore can be classified different grounds.
In rail transport, all kinds of freight are divided as:
- local (within the same road);
- direct (within one or more railroads, but one shipping document);
- direct mixed (rail and water, rail and road, rail and water-car etc.);
- direct international (involving road two or more states, but one conveyance document).
In terms of rail transportation, running one document, divided as follows:
- sending small (up to 10 tons weight and not more? / s capacity of a four-axle cars, gondola or platform);
- Small volume shipment (batch weighing from 10 to 25 m and not more than half the capacity of a wagon);
- wagonload - the party of the volume, equal to the capacity of a wagon;
- sending a group when you need more than one car, but less than the whole of the (route);
- routing, dispatch, when the mass of the shipment meets current standards for a whole composition.
The speed of delivery of all types of rail freight divided into transport truck speed passenger (with luggage) and high speed (for perishables).
Transportation on river transport can be performed in the following amounts:
- small lots, not exceeding 20 tonnes;
- team party content exceeding 20 tonnes, but not enough to load one vessel or sufficient to load one ship, but divided into parts, intended to different recipients;
- shipload - good enough for the current Standards for the loading of one ship, one of the name and sent on one transport document, or sent to several transport documents, but in one destination port.
speed on river transport is divided into large and cargo.
the whole set of different types of vehicles, buildings and means of communication forms the transport system. Currently underway and has already made significant and noticeable results of work on development and modernization of the Russian transport system in the following areas:
- new construction and renovation of existing cargo and container terminals, warehouses and transshipment bases;
- development and modernization of the railways and highways, waterways, pipelines, network of air services;
- purchase of modern, including a special rolling stock and vehicles;
- spread the use of containers according to international standard ISO;
- improving monitoring and information services of cargo movement, the expansion of computerization.
Transportation costs
costs of transportation include all of the costs for basic logistical operations, from which it is, the vast Part of these costs are usually sent directly to the transportation process.
to the variables include the cost of:
- fuel, lubricants, electricity, dvizhencheskie operations;
- Maintenance and repair of rolling stock (including spare parts and materials);
- the wages of drivers (Staff directly vyolnyayuschego transportation);
- depreciation of rolling stock in respect of mileage (service life), and others
to fixed costs usually related to:
- the cost of maintaining production and technical facilities and infrastructure of the various modes of transport (rent);
- expenses for Labor administrative staff;
- overhead and other expenses.
rigid boundary between fixed and variable costs is not, and for each mode of transport is the specificity of their definition. Salient features are available in quantities and ways of assessing costs in international traffic (Mixed, combined, intermodal, etc.). For example, the logistics components of the costs of international transportation of goods include the cost by:
- training products to be shipped (check the quality, quantity, labeling, packaging, etc.);
- shipping and handling within the country;
- storage locations cargo handling terminals, bonded warehouses, etc.;
- transportation of goods to the border crossings, ports, or to vehicles following the border;
- loading the vehicle (car, boat, car), including border crossing points;
- freight for international transport;
- payment for insurance and customs declaration;
- unloading cargo at the destination;
- payment of customs duties, taxes and fees;
- payment on delivery on the consignee's warehouse, etc.
presence of a particular set of costs will depend on the basic terms of delivery stipulated in the contract sale. The transport component in the price of goods for import-export in the world is usually determined under the Franco-seller's border or the buyer.
Separate logistic costs in transportation can be grouped or differentiated by a particular link of drugs in the supply chain.
For example, if this link is the custom, then it can be identified such cost components as:
- customs duties;
- VAT value;
- Excise;
- license fees by customs authorities;
- fees for a qualification certificate;
- fees for customs clearance;
- customs fees for storage of goods;
- customs fees for customs escort of goods;
- fee information and consulting services, and other article.
Transport costs are the basis for determining the tariffs for logistics intermediaries: transport and a transport and forwarding (Stevedoring) firms, operators of multi-modal transportation, agents, brokers, and others
system of transport tariffs, which are carried out calculations between shippers, consignees and transport-but-logistics intermediaries, depending on the type of transport and means of transport. Tariff level is determined from the condition of reimbursement for transportation and receipt of the planned (standard) profit.
calculations in international transportation between shippers and transport organizations, railway and sea transport are maintained at current freight and tariff rates on the basis of treaties or treaty prices based on bills of lading.
In foreign countries, uses its own system of tariffs for different types of transport, or general (eg the EU), in basis of the construction which provide, as a rule, the differentiation depending on the distance of transportation, type (type) of cargo, the volume of shipment. Great importance for logistics management is compliance with a consignment of transit (lowest) rate, as in this case, the transport rate significantly less. This is especially significant for the railway and road transport.
Source: www.uni-car.ru and www.adviss.ru
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